Heterocyclic compounds account for the most prominent and diverse class of organic compounds. A significant number of heterocyclic compounds have been synthesized up to this point. Heterocyclic compounds are rapidly increasing in number due to extensive synthetic research and also their synthetic utility. Such compounds have a wide range of uses in the field of medicinal chemistry. Dyestuff, sanitizers, corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, and copolymer synthesis are additional well-known applications. There are always distinguishing characteristics of an efficient approach for producing newly discovered heterocyclic compounds and their moieties. According to prior research, more than 90% of medicines containing heterocyclic compounds have been developed after the obtainment of a thorough scientific grasp of the biological system. It was discovered in the neoteric developments of heterocyclic compounds that these play a vital role in curative chemistry, and exert anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiallergic, antibacterial, anti-HIV, antiviral, anti-convulsant, and other biological activities. The present article provides detailed information regarding such heterocyclic compounds.

Benzothiazoles have recognized pharmacophores in the field of research, predominantly in synthetic and medicinal chemistry, on account of their significant pharmaceutical properties. This important class of derivatives endows an extensive range of biological activities like anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, anticonvulsant, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, antituberculosis, enzyme inhibitors, etc. Hence, various methodologies have been accomplished to synthesize benzothiazole compounds considering the purity, yield, and selectivity of the products. This review provides different reaction methods that are involved in the synthesis of a variety of benzothiazole derivatives.

Recently, obesity-induced insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease have become major social problems. We have previously shown that Astaxanthin (AX), which is a natural antioxidant, significantly ameliorates obesity-induced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. It is well known that AX is a strong lipophilic antioxidant and has been shown to be beneficial for acute inflammation. However, the actual effects of AX on chronic inflammation in adipose tissue (AT) remain unclear. To observe the effects of AX on AT functions in obese mice, we fed six-week-old male C57BL/6J on high-fat-diet (HFD) supplemented with or without 0.02% of AX for 24 weeks. We determined the effect of AX at 10 and 24 weeks of HFD with or without AX on various parameters including insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, inflammation, and mitochondrial function in adipose tissue. We found that AX significantly reduced oxidative stress and macrophage infiltration into AT, as well as maintaining healthy AT function. Furthermore, AX prevented pathological AT remodeling probably caused by hypoxia in AT. Collectively, AX treatment exerted anti-inflammatory effects via its antioxidant activity in AT, maintained the vascular structure of AT and preserved the stem cells and progenitor’s niche, and enhanced anti-inflammatory hypoxia induction factor-2α-dominant hypoxic response. Through these mechanisms of action, it prevented the pathological remodeling of AT and maintained its integrity.

Polymers are long-chain, highly molecular weight molecules containing large numbers of repeating units within their backbone derived from the product of polymerization of monomeric units. The materials exhibit unique properties based on the types of bonds that exist within their structures. Among these, some behave as rubbers because of their excellent bending ability, lightweight nature, and shape memory. Moreover, their tunable chemical, structural, and electrical properties make them promising candidates for their use as sensing materials. Polymer-based sensors are highly utilized in the current scenario in the public health sector and environment control due to their rapid detection, small size, high sensitivity, and suitability in atmospheric conditions. Therefore, the aim of this review article is to highlight the current progress in polymer-based sensors. More importantly, this review provides general trends and challenges in sensor technology based on polymer materials.

Nitrogen-containing heterocycles constitute an important division of organic chemistry. The structural and functional diversity in nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds emanates from the presence and nature of the heteroatom that optimizes the compound for a specific application. Nitrogen heterocycles have been found to mimic various endogenous metabolites and natural products, highlighting their pivotal role in current drug design. Their applications are manifold and are predominantly used as pharmaceuticals, corrosion inhibitors, polymers, agrochemicals, dyes, developers, etc. Additionally, their catalytic behavior has rendered these compounds notable precursors in synthesizing various important organic compounds. The rate at which nitrogen heterocycles are synthesized explains this organic chemistry domain's vitality and usefulness. The present review article focuses on nitrogen-containing heterocycles as a versatile scaffold for current applications of organic chemistry.

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: Neem (Azadirachta indica), a Meliaceae family member, is a rapidly growing tropical evergreen tree with a thick, branching trunk. It has been used for hundreds of years in traditional Indian medicine as a home cure against numerous human illnesses in the Indian and African continents. Different components of the plant, including the flowers, leaves, seeds, and bark, have been used to treat both acute and chronic human illnesses, as well as an insecticide, antibiotic, larvicidal, antimalarial, antibacterial, antiviral, and spermicidal. The plant's anticancer qualities have been extensively researched in terms of its preventative, protective, tumor-suppressive, immunomodulatory, and apoptotic actions against different cancers and their molecular processes. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which lacks the expression of progesterone and estrogen receptors, has a dismal prognosis and no viable therapeutic options. Gedunin compound isolated from Azadirachtaindica's seed oil shows potential anticancer effect against Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cancer cells which acts as Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor.

Thiazole and the related nuclei constitute one of the most significant moieties in the extensively emerging domain of heterocyclic compounds. The versatile nature of the thiazole nucleus can be determined by the fact that it is present in natural products like vitamin B1 and its derivatives exhibit diverse biological activities ranging from antimicrobial, anticancer, antihistaminic, antioxidant, etc. These have also emerged as potent CNS agents and are primarily used in the treatment of various CNS disorders. The Structure-activity relationship of various amine derivatives of ethylated thiazole demonstrates their use as potential agents in the treatment of melanoma, pigmentation as well as solar elastosis. Thiazole fused with different heterocyclic systems results in many novel derivatives with higher therapeutic activity. Benzothiazole and Thiazolopyrimidine have a distinct position in this regard. This review focuses on the central role of thiazole and its derivatives in current drug design covering a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities associated with them.