A Review on The Medicinal And Industrial Applications of N-Containing Heterocycles

Abstract

Nitrogen-containing heterocycles constitute an important division of organic chemistry. The structural and functional diversity in nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds emanates from the presence and nature of the heteroatom that optimizes the compound for a specific application. Nitrogen heterocycles have been found to mimic various endogenous metabolites and natural products, highlighting their pivotal role in current drug design. Their applications are manifold and are predominantly used as pharmaceuticals, corrosion inhibitors, polymers, agrochemicals, dyes, developers, etc. Additionally, their catalytic behavior has rendered these compounds notable precursors in synthesizing various important organic compounds. The rate at which nitrogen heterocycles are synthesized explains this organic chemistry domain's vitality and usefulness. The present review article focuses on nitrogen-containing heterocycles as a versatile scaffold for current applications of organic chemistry.

Recent Studies of Nitrogen and Sulfur Containing Heterocyclic Analogues as Novel Antidiabetic Agents: A Review

“…[6] The incorporation of these heteroatoms into the molecular framework imparts unique electronic and steric characteristics, enabling specific interactions with target proteins and enzymes involved in diabetes pathogenesis. [7] Nitrogen and Sulfur containing heterocyclic analogues offer a diverse array of structures that can be tailored to target various pathways implicated in diabetes, including glucose metabolism, insulin signaling, and pancreatic function. [8] For instance, thiazolidine and rhodanine derivatives have exhibited potent antidiabetic effects by stimulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and improving insulin sensitivity.…”

“…Heterocyclic compounds, particularly those containing nitrogen and Sulfur atoms, have drawn a lot of interest in medicinal chemistry because of their diverse pharmacological qualities [6] . The incorporation of these heteroatoms into the molecular framework imparts unique electronic and steric characteristics, enabling specific interactions with target proteins and enzymes involved in diabetes pathogenesis [7] . Nitrogen and Sulfur containing heterocyclic analogues offer a diverse array of structures that can be tailored to target various pathways implicated in diabetes, including glucose metabolism, insulin signaling, and pancreatic function [8] .…”

De-epimerizing DyKAT of β-lactones generated by isothiourea-catalysed enantioselective [2 + 2] cycloaddition

“…37 Building upon these principles and the growing impact of organocatalysis in the pharmaceutical industry, [38][39][40][41][42] in this manuscript an effective synthetic strategy for the preparation of functionalised b-hydroxy-b-pyrazolone amides in high dr and er (up to >95 : 5 dr, >99 : 1 er) is described. Given that nitrogencontaining heterocycles are incorporated into an array of biologically relevant compounds, [43][44][45][46] and with pyrazole derivatives a prevalent heterocycle of widespread relevance, [47][48][49][50][51][52] the generation of catalytic enantioselective methods that would lead to chiral pyrazolone heterocycle derivatives was targeted. [53][54][55][56] The developed process combines an isothiourea-mediated highly enantioselective formal [2 + 2]-cycloaddition of C(1)-ammonium enolates to generate diastereoisomeric spirocyclic b-lactones, coupled with a subsequent substrate-controlled DyKAT type III process where the absolute conguration at C(3) within the blactone is labile and that at C(4) is xed (Fig.…”

Multicomponent Reaction-Based Heteroannulations: A Direct Access to Fused Tetrazolo Piperazinones and 1,4-Diazepanones

“…It is not surprising that approximately 75% of drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Adminis-tration (FDA) are nitrogen-containing heterocycles. 7,8 Ketopiperazines [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] and 1,4-diazepanones [20][21][22][23][24] (six and sevenmembered rings, respectively) are some of the most common azaheterocycles in FDA-approved pharmaceuticals, known for their excellent biological activity. 18,[25][26][27][28][29][30] Prominent FDA-approved ketopiperazines include praziquantel (1, Biltricide) for schistosomiasis, dihydroergotamine (2, Migranal) for acute migraines, dolutegravir (3, Tivicay), and bictegravir (4, Biktarvy) for HIV infection.…”