Evidence has emerged that bisphosphonate use in cancer patients is associated with osteonecrosis of the jaw. This form of osteonecrosis has been termed bisphosphonate induced osteonecrosis of the jaw (BIONJ). BIONJ is commonly precipitated by a tooth extraction in patients treated with long term, potent, high dose intravenous bisphosphonates for the management of myeloma, breast or prostate cancer. The overall prevalence of BIONJ is about 5% in patients with these malignancies. Current evidence shows that the risk of BIONJ in non-cancerous patients, such as those with osteoporosis, is very low and appears to be comparable with that of the general population. Prescribing physicians need to encourage cancer patients to see their dentists before the initiation of bisphosphonate treatment, and regularly thereafter.

BACKGROUND: Extensive intracellular and extracellular formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) is considered a causative factor for vascular injury triggered by hyperglycemia in diabetes. The hyperglycemia will cause accumulation of AGEs, damage to pericytes, nerve growth factor (NGF), glial acid fibrillary protein (GFAP) and increase in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). AIM: This study aimed to assess the efficacy of RAGE inhibition in suppressing the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy through modulation of the inflammatory pathway involving NGF, GFAP, and VEGF. METHODS: The design was in vivo experimental study. Thirty white rats were induced with Alloxan monohydrate. Rats were divided into 5 groups, normal, negative control, groups with an anti-RAGE dose of 1 μg/uL, the dose of 10 μg/uL and 100 μg/uL. After 4 weeks of treatment, HbA1c, NGF, and GFAP levels were measured using ELISA. Quantification of VEGF expression was done using the ImageJ® application. Data was expressed with mean ± SD. Independent T-test with ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc was done. RESULTS: RAGE inhibitors yielded a significant decrease in blood glucose and HbA1c levels. VEGF and RAGE expression were reduced in anti-RAGE groups in various doses. Inhibition of RAGE reduced the damage of retinal pericytes, by reducing GFAP and increasing NGF, and reduced the formation of new blood vessels, by decreasing VEGF expression, in diabetic retinopathy. CONCLUSION: Inhibition of receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) was effective in suppressing the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy.

Penggunaan obat yang tidak tepat akan memberikan dampak negatif yang besar yang merugikan bagi unit atauinstansi pelayanan kesehatan maupun pada pasien serta masyarakat. Oleh karena itu diperlukan pemilihan danpenggunaan obat secara tepat, sehingga intervensi obat dapat mencapai sasaran yaitu penyembuhan penderita denganefek samping obat seminimal mungkin dan instruksi penggunaan obat dapat dipatuhi oleh pasien. Penelitian inibertujuan untuk mengetahui penggunaan obat antihipertensi di Rumah Sakit Muhammadiyah Palembang. Studipenggunaan obat ini dimulai dari bulan November 2012 sampai Desember 2012 di bagian rawat jalan Rumah SakitMuhammadiyah Palembang.Sampel diambil dari data rekam medik penderita hipertensi dari bulan Juli 2011 sampaiJuni 2012. Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 170 pasien. Variabel-variabel penelitian ini, antara lain, jenis obatantihipertensi yang dipakai, dosis, frekuensi, lama pemakaian, efek samping, dan interaksi dengan obat antihipertensilain. Data yang diperoleh ditabulasi dan disajikan dalam bentuk deskriptif. Jenis obat antihipertensi yang digunakan dibagian rawat jalan Rumah Sakit Muhammadiyah Palembang adalah ACE inhibitor, antagonis kalsium, adrenolitiksentral, alpha blocker, beta blocker dan Diuretik. Penggunaan obat antihipertensi dapat berupa dosis tunggal maupundosis kombinasi Dosis tunggal yang paling banyak digunakan adalah golongan obat ACE Inhibitor berupa captoprildengan 40 pasien (23,5%). Sedangkan obat antihipertensi dosis kombinasi yang paling banyak digunakan adalahgolongan obat ACE Inhibitor dengan Antagonis kalsium berupa Captopril dengan Nifedipin yaitu 29 pasien (17,1%).Semua dosis dan frekuensi pemberian obat antihipertensi yang digunakan adalah optimal. Efek samping ditemukanpada 13 pasien (6,5%) yang menggunakan golongan obat antihipertensi ACE Inhibitor yaitu captopril berupa batuk,dermatitis, pruritus dan golongan obat Antagonis kalsium yaitu amlodipin berupa nausea. Interaksi penggunaan obatantihipertensi yang bersifat sinergistik lebih besar yaitu 95 pasien (56,1%) dari pada penggunaan obat antihipertensiyang bersifat antagonistik yaitu 2 pasien (1,2%).

Polymorphisms in the pfcrt and pfmdr1 genes in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from South Sumatera, Indonesia Abstrak Latar belakang: Selama lebih dari 10 tahun terakhir, resistensi terhadap obat antimalaria telah menjadi masalah utama bagi kesehatan masyarakat di Asia Tenggara termasuk Sumatera Selatan. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi adanya polimorfisme pada gen Plasmodium falciparum yang berhubungan dengan resistensi klorokuin pada isolat P. falciparum di Lahat, Sekayu, Baturaja, dan Palembang. Metode: Studi molekuler dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi alel mutan dua gen yang berhubungan dengan resistensi klorokuin pada isolat P. falciparum di Sumatera Selatan. Sebanyak 25 pasien diambil darahnya, kemudian dilakukan isolasi DNA. Susunan dari kedua gen (Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter/pfcrt dan Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance/pfmdr1) dianalisis dengan menggunakan polymerase chain reaction (PCR) dan restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Hasil: Polimorfisme pada pfcrt 76-Thr dan pfmdr1 86-Tyr ditemukan pada semua isolat. Temuan ini menjelaskan terjadinya kegagalan pengobatan dengan klorokuin dalam beberapa tahun terakhir di Sumatera Selatan. Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini menguatkan bahwa PCR-RFLP merupakan cara sederhana dan cepat untuk mendeteksi polimorfisme pada gen yang dapat memprediksi chloroquine resistance (CQR). Walaupun adanya polimorfisme pada gen pfcrt dan pfmdr1 merupakan penanda CQR yang bermakna, perlu penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai peran polimorfisme ini pada respons obat in vivo dan in vitro. AbstractBackground: Over the past decade, antimalarial drug resistance has rapidly become a major public health problem in South East Asia region including South Sumatra. This study aimed to determine the extent of gene polymorphisms associated with chloroquine resistance (CQR) in P. falciparum isolates from Lahat, Sekayu, Baturaja and Palembang district. Methods:A molecular study was conducted to identify the mutant alleles of the genes associated with the resistance to chloroquine among the isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from South Sumatera. Blood from 25 patients was collected, DNA was isolated, and the sequences of two different genes (Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter/pfcrt and Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance/pfmdr1) were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Results:This study identified polymorphism in the pfcrt 76-Thr in all isolates and pfmdr1 86-Tyr. These findings may reflect the failure of treatment with the standard dose of chloroquine within the last few years in South Sumatera.Conclusion: PCR-RFLP technique provide a simple and rapid method of detecting polymorphisms in genes that may predict chloroquine resistance (CQR). Although the identification of the polymorphism in the pfcrt and pfmdr1 genes provides a significant indicator of CQR, further studies are needed to determine the role of these polymorphisms in the in vivo and in vitro respon...

Objective: To identify relationship between progesterone receptor gene polymorphism promoter region +331G/A with the risk of endometriosis. Method: An observational case-control study. Population are women with endometriosis and/or adenomyosis who have been performed laparotomy/laparoscopy at Obstetrics and Gynecology Department Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital Palembang, January-November 2013. Subjects fulfilled inclusion criteria, given informed consent and performed blood sampling continued by PCRRFLP. Results were divided into A/A genotype (homozygote mutant), G/A (heterozygote mutant), and G/G (homozygote wild type). Data were analyzed by SPSS 21.0 version. Result: PCR-RFLP results for+331G/A genotype were 26 (54.1%) in case group and 14 (26.4%) in control. +331A/A genotype was not found in both groups. There was significant increase risk of endometriosis in women carrying genotype +331G/A to those with genotype +331G/G with OR 3.29 (p

Kanker serviks merupakan kanker yang terjadi pada serviks atau leher rahim, suatu daerah yang terletak pada organ reproduksi wanita yang merupakan pintu masuk ke arah rahim, letaknya antara rahim (uterus) dan liang senggama atau vagina. Insiden terjadinya kanker serviks dipengaruhi oleh Human Papiloma Virus (HPV), usia, usia terlalu muda berhubungan seksual, paritas, riwayat keluarga dan RAS. Gen XRCC1 sebagai perancah dalam BER yang terlibat dalam membantu memperbaiki kesalahan-kesalahan selama replikasi DNA serta  menjaga integritas genom. Single Nukleotida Polymorphism (SNP) di XRCC1 telah dikaitkan dengan pengembangan yang terjadi pada kanker serviks yang dapat mengurangi aktivitas perbaikan DNA, meningkatkan terjadinya mutasi sehingga kerentanan terhadap kanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat adakah hubungan polimorfisme gen XRCC1 Arg399Gln dengan kejadian kanker serviks. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan desain case-control dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 35 orang wanita kanker serviks dan 35 orang wanita normal yang setiap sampel memiliki RAS melayu Jambi. Identifikasi polimorfisme gen XRCC1 Arg399Gln dilakukan dengan teknik PCR-RLFP amplifikasi dengan primer spesifik yang digunakan untuk melihat mutagenesis. Hasil analisis dengan uji Chi-Square genotipe G/G (Wild Type), G/A (Mutant Heterozigot) dan G/A (Mutant Heterozigot) terhadap kanker serviks nilai ? = 0,032 (OR : 10.074 ; CI : 1,186 -85,570). Kesimpulan ada hubungan polimorfisme genotip gen XRCC1 Arg399Gln terhadap kejadian kanker serviks pada wanita RAS Melayu Jambi.

Latar belakang. Obesitas dengan riwayat orang tua diabetes mellitus (DM) tipe 2 berhubungan dengan gangguan toleransi glukosa, dislipidemia, dan DM. Toleransi glukosa terganggu (TGT) merupakan pertanda awal terjadinya DM tipe 2. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) telah muncul menjadi alat diagnostik untuk mengidentifikasi DM dan subjek yang berisiko menderita DM. Rekomendasi ini didasarkan pada data dari orang dewasa yang menunjukkan hubungan antara HbA1c dengan terjadinya DM di kemudian hari. Penelitian yang khusus ditujukan pada populasi anak dan remaja masih sedikit. Tujuan. Mengetahui penggunaan dan titik potong optimal pemeriksaan HbA1c dalam mendiagnosis gangguan toleransi glukosa pada anak dan remaja obesitas dengan faktor risiko dibandingkan dengan tes toleransi glukosa oral (TTGO). Accuracy in HbA1c Examination for Detecting Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Obese Children and Adolescents with History of Parents with Type 2 DMAbdi Wijaya,* Aditiawati,* Irsan Saleh** Background. Childhood obesity with parental history of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is associated with an increased likelihood for having impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and DM. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) has emerged as a recommended diagnostic tool for identifying type 2 DM among subjects who are at risk for the disease. This recommendation is based on data in adults showing the relationship between HbA1c with future development of DM. However, there are lacking studies of this correlation among pediatric population. Objective. The aim of the study was to evaluate HbA1c as a test for impaired glucose tolerance in obese children and adolescents with risk factor and identify the optimal HbA1c threshold (optimal cut of point). Methods. We studied 40 obese children and adolescents (BMI according WHO 2008 Z score +2 SD for age and gender) age 10-15 years with parental history of type 2 Diabetes DM in Palembang. All subjects underwent HbA1c and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Results. Two out of 40 subjects had impaired glucose tolerance. Based on the receiver operating characteristic curve, the optimal cut point of HbA1c in relation to impaired glucose tolerance diagnosed by OGTT was 5.55%, which yield sensitivity of 67% and specificity of 20%, with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 79.3% (95% CI 45.7%-100%). Conclusions. HbA1c value of 5.55% should be used as a screening tool to identify impaired glucose tolerance in obese children and adolescents with risk factor. Sari Pediatri 2015;17(1):17-20.

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death among all uterine diseases. Ovarian cancer is affected by exogenous and endogenous estrogen factors. Beta estrogen receptors are predominant estrogen receptors in the normal ovary. Polymorphisms in the beta estrogen receptor gene (ERβ) can affect the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer through regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of beta estrogen receptor gene polymorphism (ERβ) with epithelial ovarian cancer incidence. Method: a case-control study, there were 60 samples. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the beta estrogen receptor (RsaI/rs1256049) is selected. Genotyping using PCR-RFLP. Data were analyzed by Chi-square, considered significant if the p-value is less than 0.05. Results: there is no significant difference in the characteristics of respondents. Genotypic frequency in the case group was 56.7% GG, 43.3% GA/AA and control group was 23.2% GG, 76.7% GA/AA. The frequency of alleles in the case group was 78.3% G, 21.7% A and control which was 50% G, 50% A allele. ERβ polymorphism is associated with epithelial ovarian cancer (p 0.018). Allele A in RsaI was associated with epithelial ovarian cancer (p 0.002). Polymorphism of the beta estrogen receptor gene associated with epithelial ovarian cancer.