Background: COVID-19 has been regarded as a new pandemic in the world. This disease is highly contagious and can be transmitted easily through droplets and air. This matter is considered as a red flag to all dentists all over the globe. Until today, there is only a few specific guideline in regards to dental practice during and after the pandemic. The protocol only revolves around the limitation of patients’ appointments and using level 3 personal protection equipment. There is no specific mention on the preparation method of the practice room especially in Indonesia. Purpose: This study aims to review literature on infection control in dental settings during COVID-19 pandemic and discuss possible recommendations based on available evidence. Review: The review also discussed the background of COVID-19, transmission, clinical findings, physicochemical properties, and cross infection in dental practice. Despite the usage of personal protective equipment, the rooms need to be set to specific requirement to reduce contamination inside the room. Until today, COVID-19 transmission must be prevented with the best method available. Conclusion: No single protocol may fully guarantee the safety of the patients and dental workers. We suggest to combine the protocol listed above to minimize to self and cross-contamination ’new normal’ practice.

Background: Propolis is a substance made from resin collected by bees (Apis mellifera) from variety of plants, mixed with its

Background: Tooth discoloration can be treated with tooth bleaching. Bleaching using 40% hydrogen peroxide can reduce the shear bond strength of resin composite because there are free radicals on the tooth surface, so it can delay the restoration. The application of antioxidants can eliminate free radicals after the bleaching procedure and increase the shear bond strength of the composite resin. The common antioxidants are ascorbic acid and natural ingredients, such as pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). Purpose: To determine the effect of pomegranate extract gel on the shear bond strength of composite resin after 40% hydrogen peroxide bleaching application. Methods: This research used 32 maxillary first premolars that were divided into four groups. The samples were bleached, then the labial was prepared and antioxidant gel was applied: group P1 pomegranate gel extract of 5%, group P2 pomegranate gel extract of 10%, group K1 positive control ascorbic acid gel of 10% and group K2 as the negative control. The samples were restored with a nanohybrid composite resin. The shear bond strength was tested using a universal testing machine. The data were tested using a one-way ANOVA followed by a post-hoc LSD test. Results: The pomegranate gel extract increased the shear bond strength of the composite resin after the bleaching procedure of 40% hydrogen peroxide compared with the ascorbic acid gel group and the negative control group. The one-way ANOVA test showed a significant difference (p<0.05). The post-hoc LSD test showed significant differences between the treatment and negative control groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: The pomegranate gel extract as an antioxidant increased the shear bond strength of the composite resin restoration after the 40% hydrogen peroxide bleaching application.

Demineralization is a process of partial or full tooth mineral loss which caused by acidic environment, for example the side effect of extracoronal bleaching treatment. Demineralization increases enamel surface roughness which leads plaque accumulation. Whey extract and calcium phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phophate (CPP-ACP) contain calcium and phosphate that can stop the demineralization through remineralization process. This study aimed to determine the differences of enamel surface roughness after whey extract and CPP-ACP application post- extracoronal bleaching. Experimental laboratory with pre- and post-test control group design was performed on 24 first maxillary premolars which devided into 3 groups. On group I, specimens were immersed in artificial saliva. Specimens in group II were immersed in whey extract meanwhile specimens were immersed in CPP-ACP on group III. Whey extract and CPP-ACP immersions were conducted 10 minutes every 12 hours for 15 days. The enamel surface roughness test was performed twice, after extracoronal bleaching treatment and after 15 days remineralization agent application. This study result indicated significant differences between group I and group II and between group I and group III (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference between group II and group III (p>0.05). This study showed whey extract decreased more enamel surface roughness than CPP-ACP but the difference was not significant statistically. So, whey extract and CPP-ACP showed similar remineralization potential.

AbstrakSumber daya manusia merupakan aset penting bagi perusahaan dalam rangka peningkatan produk yang dihasilkan, salah satunya adalah sumber daya pekerja. Pekerja dengan beban kerja yang berat akan mengakibatkan terjadinya kelelahan yang pada akhirnya dapat menurunkan kualitas produk yang dihasilkan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan model kuantitatif manajemen kelelahan dan beban kerja untuk meningkatkan produktivitas. Adapun metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah survei eksplanatori dengan pendekatan cross sectional dengan sampel sebanyak 45 pekerja penggilingan padi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa variabel kelelahan kerja maupun beban kerja mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan produktivitas kerja. Model persamaan regresi yang terbentuk adalah produktivitas kerja = -4,188 + 0,027 kelelahan kerja -0,100 beban kerja yang berarti bahwa setiap kenaikan 1 mili/detik kelelahan kerja akan meningkatkan produktivitas kerja sebesar 1 ton/hari dan setiap penurunan 1 kali/menit beban kerja maka akan meningkatkan produktivitas kerja sebesar 1 ton/hari. Kata kunci: Beban kerja, kelelahan, pekerja, produktivitas AbstractHuman resources is an important asset for the company in order to improve the product, one is the labor resource. Workers with heavy workload will result in fatigue, which in turn can degrade the quality of products produced. This study aimed to develop a quantitative model of fatigue and workload management to improve productivity. The research method used eksplanatory survey with crossectional approach, using 45 sample. The results showed work fatigue and workload had a significant relationship with labor productivity. Regression equation model that is formed is productivity = -4.188 + 0.027 work fatigue -0.100 workload which means that every increase of 1 millimeter/second job fatigue, it will increase labor productivity by 1 ton/day, and every reduce of 1 times/minute the workload it will increase labor productivity by 1 ton/day. Model Kuantitatif Manajemen Kelelahan dan Beban Kerja untuk Peningkatan Produktivitas Pekerja PendahuluanSumber daya manusia merupakan aset utama perusahaan baik sektor formal maupun sektor informal yang perlu diperhatikan, dengan tetap memperhatikan berbagai sumber daya yang lain seperti modal, mesin, waktu, energi, dan informasi. Dalam beroperasi melakukan kegiatan, setiap organisasi membutuhkan tenaga kerja yang berperan dalam meningkatkan produk secara berkualitas. 1 Beban kerja yang terlalu berlebihan dapat berdampak menimbulkan kelelahan fisik, mental, dan reaksi emosional seperti sakit kepala, gangguan pencernaan dan mudah marah. 2 Kondisi lelah yang dialami oleh pekerja secara berkepanjangan tersebut pada gilirannya dapat berdampak pada penurunan tingkat produktivitas kerja .Komponen yang memengaruhi produktivitas pekerja antara lain faktor individu meliputi usia (25%), jenis kelamin (15%), dan masa kerja (10%). Selebihnya, sekitar 50% dipengaruhi oleh beban kerja dan kelelahan. 3 Pekerja dengan beban kerja sedang mengalami kelelahan lebih banyak darip...

Teeth have an aesthetic value because teeth which are clean, neat and white can increase self confidence. Staining or dental discoloration can disrupt the appearance and cause discomfort. The most common type of discoloration is extrinsic discoloration. Treatment that can be done to overcome extrinsic discoloration is extracoronal bleaching. One way to avoid the extracoronal bleaching side effects is application of remineralization materials. The recommended remineralization materials for post-bleaching are fluoride and phospho peptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP). This research aims to know the effect of whey extract application and CPP-ACP on tooth enamel hardness after extracoronal bleaching. Experimental laboratory with pre- and post-test control design was performed on 24 first maxillary premolar which devided into 3 groups. On group I, specimens were immersed in artificial saliva. Specimen in group II were immersed in whey extract meanwhile specimens were immersed in CPP-ACP on group III. Whey extract and CPP-ACP immersions were conducted 10 minutes every 12 hours for 15 days. The enamel surface roughness test was performed twice, after extracoronal bleaching treatment and after 15 days remineralization agent application. This study result indicated significant differences between group I and group II and group III (p0,05), but there was no significant difference between group II and group III (p0,05). This study showed the enamel surface hardness after whey extract application is higher than CPP-ACP but difference was not significant statistically

Background: A composite resin is used as restorative material in dentistry because it has the same colour as dental enamel, is easy to use in an oral cavity and offers good biocompatibility. Based on the size of filler, composite resin is divided into types, one of which is a composite resin nanohybrid. An important mechanical property of restorative material is microhardness. The mechanical properties of restorative material is highly affected by both polymerisation and heating process. There are many methods to improve composite resin’s microhardness, including preheating and heat treatment. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate different effects of preheating and heat treatment on the microhardness of nanohybrid composite resin. Methods: This study is an experimental laboratory research with post-test-only group design. Samples were divided into six groups: preheating groups at temperatures of 37oC and 60oC, heat treatment groups at temperatures of 120oC and 170oC, a negative control group and a positive control group. Afterwards, the resulting data were analysed using one-way ANOVA. Results: The result based on the one-way ANOVA test indicated that there was a difference in microhardness in each group with a significance of 0.000 (p<0.005) between preheating and heat treatment. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study was the best microhardness of composite resin nanohybrid is the heat treatment group at temperature 170oC.

Introduction: Tooth discolouration is the most common esthetic problems in dentistry. Direct composite veneer is an adjunctive therapy for severe teeth discolouration by attaching to the tooth surface using an acid etching and dental bonding agent. In several cases of severe discolouration, it is required to have certain preliminary treatments such as bleaching prior to the placement of the composite veneer. However, bleaching agents are able to lead the enamels morphology and microstructure alteration by inhibiting the polymerisation bonding thus affecting the veneer adhesion. This study was aimed to determine the tensile bond strength of direct composite veneers between the V and VII generation dentin bonding agent after extracoronal bleaching. Methods: This study was an experimental laboratory of as much as 32 human permanent maxillary central incisors were divided into 4 groups. Group 1 was treated with extracoronal bleaching and bonded with the V generation bonding nanohybrid composite. Group 2 was treated with extracoronal bleaching and bonded with the VIII generation bonding nanohybrid composite. Group 3 was only bonded with the V generation bonding nanohybrid composite. Group 4 was only bonded with the VIII generation bonding nanohybrid composite. All samples were immersed in artificial saliva then incubated at the room temperature for 24 hours. Results: The tensile strength value was determined using the Universal Testing Machine. The ANOVA test results showed significant differences in all four groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The VIII generation bonding agent had a higher tensile strength than the V generation.