The article deals with consumer behavior in terms of food and its wastage. The main aim is to identify consumer behavior in relation to food consumption and food waste in the households in the Czech Republic as an effect of healthy competitive environment. Food consumption and its wastage is analyzed in terms of quantity and food expenditure in general as well as with the use of primary data from the Household Budget Survey. According to a household diary survey, the highest wastage is of cereal and dairy products, with the lowest being meat. The consumption and quantity of wasted food are significant in relation to price. The data obtained during daily monitoring of wasted food in September 2018 are used to test the impact of the household identification characteristics on the quantity of wasted food along with the types. A logit regression is used to estimate the anticipated quantity of wasted food according to individual kinds of food and in relation to household identification characteristics. The age, education and economic activity of consumers have a significant effect on the quantity of wasted food. In addition, the results show that the people who waste the most are over 65 years of age, with the lowest wastage connected with university graduates.
The share of healthcare expenditure in the first income decile in their income is higher in comparison with other deciles, however, their expenditure is the lowest. The main purpose of the research is to show the availability of healthcare in different income groups of households. Literature sources indicate that some specific household social classes face problems with access to healthcare because of low income. Firstly, public healthcare expenditure is evaluated. The low share of research and development expenditure in healthcare is alarming. Investigation continues in the accessibility of healthcare and medicines in households. The paper reveals segments of endangered low-income households with insufficient healthcare that decrease their living standard. The main data source for conducted analyses of household situations is primary data from Household Budget Survey and primary data from EU-Statistics on Income and Living Conditions survey in four years 2007, 2010, 2014 and 2016 in the Czech Republic. The paper presents the results of an analysis of households which showed that first low-income decile has the lowest healthcare payments in absolute expression but the relative number of healthcare expenditure confirms that low-income households spend the most of their income on healthcare in the comparison with other households. The first income decile is mainly composed of old-age pensioners and unemployed consumers. The structure of household healthcare expenditure according to expenditure categories shows that all consumers pay the most for non-prescription drugs followed by prescription drugs, orthopaedic and therapeutic aids, ambulatory dental care and ambulatory medical care. The research confirms that specific groups of households cannot afford appropriate healthcare. The constructed Health Poverty Index expresses that low-income households would need their income to be higher by at least 4.36 % to be able to afford average healthcare expenditure and appropriate healthcare.
The aim of the paper is to determine the preferred forms of online shopping and preferred device for online shopping for different product categories by the youth consumers. The research showed that the smartphone plays not only an important role in the consumer behaviour of youth consumers, but they also frequently shop using this device. The paper also identifies the situational and demographic factors affecting online shopping based on which consumer segments were created. Cluster analysis using the K-means algorithm formed consumer segments in the online market in the Czech Republic. Four segments were defined -economically decisive from a city, emotively decisive, rationally thinking from a town, economically active. The results can be purposefully used in creating recommendations for e-shops and for their marketing management.
The global COVID-19 pandemic has changed the behaviour of individuals and companies. This study aims to determine changes in the labour market behaviour of economically active individuals in the context of the pandemic and to identify competitive segments in this period. For this purpose, a representative survey (n = 3079) conducted in the Czech Republic was used. The paper’s contribution is a perspective of individuals’ behaviour and their perception of the situation. Based on subjective perceptions, respondents provided an assessment of their living situation before and during the pandemic, expressing their opinion on the importance of selected aspects of quality of life, such as their health, active social contacts, creation of financial savings, ability to pay bills, leisure time and coping with stressful situations. The results of a Wilcoxon test showed that individuals re-evaluated each aspect of life and that the pandemic changed the importance for all of them (except leisure time). This change is also reflected in their psyche, attitude towards work organisation, digitalisation and other factors; these were applied in a cluster analysis, which resulted in the identification of three segments in the group of employees in the labour market (competitive individuals, surviving individuals and those reluctant to respond to change). For the group of entrepreneurs, two segments emerged (flexible and loss-creating), while for the unemployed group, the typical segment can be described as dissatisfied and Covid victims. The names of these segments indicate their behaviour and provide possibilities for future use.
This article deals with an application of the broad-source image plane holography, which offers nonscanning confocal imaging, i.e., real time imaging. We have developed a laboratory version of a holographic confocal microscope (HCM). By the measurement of the axial intensity response for a perfect plane mirror we have verified the confocal imaging capability with the depth discrimination. The noncontact surface profiling possibility was verified by processing series of optical sections with consequent 3D reconstruction ofthe real surface profile.
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