Market Segmentation in Healthcare

Abstract

The share of healthcare expenditure in the first income decile in their income is higher in comparison with other deciles, however, their expenditure is the lowest. The main purpose of the research is to show the availability of healthcare in different income groups of households. Literature sources indicate that some specific household social classes face problems with access to healthcare because of low income. Firstly, public healthcare expenditure is evaluated. The low share of research and development expenditure in healthcare is alarming. Investigation continues in the accessibility of healthcare and medicines in households. The paper reveals segments of endangered low-income households with insufficient healthcare that decrease their living standard. The main data source for conducted analyses of household situations is primary data from Household Budget Survey and primary data from EU-Statistics on Income and Living Conditions survey in four years 2007, 2010, 2014 and 2016 in the Czech Republic. The paper presents the results of an analysis of households which showed that first low-income decile has the lowest healthcare payments in absolute expression but the relative number of healthcare expenditure confirms that low-income households spend the most of their income on healthcare in the comparison with other households. The first income decile is mainly composed of old-age pensioners and unemployed consumers. The structure of household healthcare expenditure according to expenditure categories shows that all consumers pay the most for non-prescription drugs followed by prescription drugs, orthopaedic and therapeutic aids, ambulatory dental care and ambulatory medical care. The research confirms that specific groups of households cannot afford appropriate healthcare. The constructed Health Poverty Index expresses that low-income households would need their income to be higher by at least 4.36 % to be able to afford average healthcare expenditure and appropriate healthcare.

Measuring Multidimensional Health Poverty in China

“…Sterck et al (39) derived a health poverty line based on basic health care costs and health spending at 5% of income. Antosova et al (40) constructed a health poverty index to show how much money households lack to meet prescribed standards of health care. Beyond that, CHE is a more commonly used and widely accepted indicator in the international health economy to measure the economic risk of poor health, which is defined as out-of-pocket health care expenditure that exceeds a certain percentage of household income and imposes a disease burden on the household (11,41,42).…”

Country’s health profile: Social, economic, behavioral and healthcare determinants

“…It is also necessary to consider the multilevel measurement of socio-economic determinants (Druzhynina et al, 2018;Kyrychenko et al, 2018) and the existing relationship (Halaskova & Bednar, 2020;Luchko, 2019;Pupavac et al, 2020). Antosova et al (2019) and Baranowski & Jabkowski (2021) identify indicators depending on household income clusters. The trend of economic growth, population health and environmental indicators are directly related to the consequences of blocking the pandemic (Smiianov et al, 2020a;Petrushenko et al, 2020).…”

Innovations in human resource management: willingness and ability of long-term care insurance

“…Thus, it was revealed that for the insurance company, the main pluses in the running of virtual business could be: lower costs concerning the organization of the company's website; fewer costs concerning the transactions for customer service operations; «expansion of geographical diversification of company insurance products; an opportunity to increase the sale of insurance products at the expense of open access to customers from around the world; customer service on a qualitatively new level -seven days a week, 365 days a year» (Yanyshyn et al, 2019). There was also paid great attention for the research that showed the presence of healthcare in special households' groups, the way of accelerating the transformation of the management process with human resources, as well as the adequate assessment of the countries' investment potential in the content of health insurance was also deeply investigated (Antosova et al, 2019;Kasaeva, 2019). Zhang (2011) underlines that the favorable factors for the development of old-age care insurance include the aging population trend, the rising nursing costs, the high burden of the elderly, the high medical costs, and the lack of medical securityю Moreover, He and Li (2014) assessed the payment capacity of farmers; Sheng et al (2020) studied the pilot system and current situation of long-term care insurance and put forward corresponding suggestions in Suzhou.…”