Single supplementation with zinc significantly improved growth, and single supplementation with iron significantly improved growth and psychomotor development, but combined supplementation with iron and zinc had no significant effect on growth or development. Combined, simultaneous supplementation with iron and zinc to infants cannot be routinely recommended at the iron-to-zinc ratio used in this study.

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Background: The problem of protein energy inadequacy is a major problem among under-fives that affects the process of child growth and development. The prevalence of stunted status among under-fives in developing countries in 2008 was estimated as much as 33%. In Cirebon Municipality the prevalence was 10.27% and in north coastal area of Cirebon Municipality was 11.4%.Objective: To identify the association between stunted status and development of under-fives at north coastal area of sub district of Lemahwungkuk Cirebon Municipality.Method: This was an observational study with a cross sectional design carried out at north coastal area of sub district of Lemahwungkuk Cirebon Municipality from November 2008 to January 2009. Subject of the study consisted of 166 under-fives and the respondents were parents of those children. Samples were chosen purposively. Research instruments consisted of questionnaire, length board, microtoise, forms, and Denver II test. Data analysis used chi square and logistic regression with confidence interval (CI) 95%.Result: There was significant association between stunted status and development of fine motor adaptive, language, and gross motor capacity. There was significant association between education of mothers and personal social, fine motor adaptive, language and gross motor development. There was significant association between occupation of mothers and personal social, fine motor adaptive, language and gross motor development. There was significant association between stunted status, education of mothers, and occupation of mothers and child development. The result of multivariate analysis showed that stunted status had greater risk for delayed language development of under-fives than other indicators of child development.Conclusion: There was no association between stunted status and child development; however stunted status had greater risk for delay in language development, and risk factors dominantly affecting child development were occupation and education of mothers.

Background: Adolescence is a phase that a human has to pass through in life to become an adult. Bureau of Statistical Centre (1999) reported that total number of adolescent people from 10-19 years old group in Indonesia is about 22% of its total population. High school adolescent often does not have breakfast due to many different reasons such as being in a hurry when going to the school. Breakfast is able to provide carbohydrate for increasing blood glucose supply. In a normal blood glucose supply, passion and concentration as a student would be better so that it makes positive impact to raise productivity.Objective: This study aimed to define correlation between breakfast and have snack at break time habit with concentration capability on high school adolescent in Palangka Raya city.Method: This study was an observational research in cross sectional design. The number of research subject for prevalence test were 106 students for not breakfast group which in screening result were not in anemic condition, while for hypothesis test the mean difference for the two independent groups the total number of subject were 80 persons that consist of 40 subjects for breakfast group and 40 subjects for not breakfast group. Data collection was obtained from body weight and height measurement to explore nutritional status; food recall method to give information of breakfast and have snack at break time, energy, carbohydrate, protein and fat intake; digit symbol and digit span test to explore concentration capability to visual and audio information. The data was processed and analyzed in analytic descriptive way using Spearman correlation test and t-test.Results: This study indicated that 37.7% - 38.8% adolescent in SMAN 1 Pahandut Palangka Raya did not have breakfast. Analytical statistic result showing adolescent who has breakfast has significantly higher concentration capability (using digit symbol and digit span test) than adolescent group who did not have breakfast (p<0.05). Having snack at break time adolescent group had significantly higher concentration capability by using digit symbol test than adolescent group who did not have snack at break time (p<0.05).Conclusion: There was correlation between breakfast and have snack at break time with concentration capability on high school adolescent.

Lebih dari sepertiga (36,1%) anak di Indonesia tergolong pendek ketika memasuki usia sekolah. Pada sisi yang lain penelitian-penelitian di negara berkembang lebih mengutamakan faktor kesehatan dibandingkan faktor pengasuhan orangtua sebagai faktor yang mempengaruhi perkembangan fungsi kognitif seorang anak. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui hubungan antara status gizi dan faktor sosiodemografi dengan kemampuan kognitif anak sekolah dasar di daerah endemis GAKI. Rancangan penelitian adalah cross sectional. Subyek adalah anak usia 9-12 tahun yang bersekolah di daerah Kismantoro yang merupakan daerah endemis GAKI sedang. Sebanyak 69 anak sekolah dasar dipilih secara simple random sampling untuk ikut serta dalam penelitian ini. Data sosiodemografi diperoleh lewat angket sedangkan data status gizi diperoleh lewat pengukuran antropometri secara langsung. Inform Consent didapatkan dari masingmasing keluarga subyek. Hasil analisa bivariat menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan antara status gizi dengan kemampuan verbal (p= 0,037) dan kemampuan kognitif total subyek (p= 0,021). Subyek yang mengalami stunted memiliki risiko 9,226 kali lebih besar untuk memiliki nilai IQ dibawah rata-rata dibandingkan subyek yang berstatus gizi normal. Hubungan yang signifikan juga ditunjukkan oleh variabel lama pendidikan orangtua terhadap seluruh aspek kemampuan kognitif (p 0,000-0,009). Setelah dilakukan uji multivariat diketahui bahwa hanya lama pendidikan orangtua yang tetap berhubungan secara signifikan terhadap kemampuan kognitif subyek. Kemampuan kognitif total dan kemampuan verbal subyek dipengaruhi oleh lama pendidikan ibu. Sedangkan lama pendidikan ayah memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan kemampuan non verbal subyek penelitian. Untuk itu, para orangtua harus menempuh pendidikan setinggi-tingginya untuk mendukung perkembangan kemampuan kognitif anaknya.

Latar belakang. Masalah perkembangan anak cenderung meningkat. Deteksi dini secara periodik merupakanhal yang penting. Kuesioner praskrining perkembangan (KPSP), Parent’s evaluation developmental status(PEDS) dan tes Denver II adalah perangkat yang sering digunakan dalam skrining perkembangan anak.Seyogyanya ketiga instrumen tersebut memiliki kesepakatan yang baik dalam menilai perkembangananak.Tujuan. Menilai kesepakatan hasil antara PEDS dengan Denver II dan KPSPMetode. Penelitian rancangan potong lintang dilakukan pada balita usia 6-60 bulan dari Posyandu diKabupaten Sleman, Bantul, Kulon Progo, dan Kodya Yogyakarta dari bulan September-Oktober 2012.Kuesioner PEDS diisi oleh orangtua dengan panduan petugas, sedangkan KPSP dan tes Denver II dilakukanoleh dokter terlatih. Hasil ketiga pemeriksaan tersebut dianalisis dengan menghitung koefisien kesepakatankappaHasil. Prevalensi gangguan perkembangan menurut KPSP, PEDS, dan tes Denver II masing-masing 6%,24%, dan 10,5%. Nilai kappa antara KPSP dan PEDS 0,17, KPSP dan tes Denver II 0,6, serta PEDS dantes Denver 0,29.Kesimpulan. Kesepakatan antara hasil pemeriksaan KPSP dan tes Denver II cukup baik, sementara antaraKPSP dan PEDS dan antara PEDS dan tes Denver II rendah

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