Objectives. NLR (neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio) and PLR (platelet-lymphocyte ratio) are prognostic markers of diff erentiated thyroid cancers. In our study, we evaluated NLR, PLR and C-reactive protein (CRP) for predicting the occurence of diff erentiated thyroid cancer. Th is is the fi rst study that compares NLR and PLR to C-reactive protein indiff erantiated thyroid cancer not only papillary cancer but also folliculer cancer.Methods. Th is study includes 51 papillary carcinoma, 42 papillary microcarcinoma and 31 folliculer carcinoma patients attending to our outpatient Endocrinology Clinic at Erzurum Region Training and Research Hospital between 2009 and 2014. Th e control group include 50 age, sex and body mass index matched healty subjects. Blood counts and CRP were measured at the day before surgery. Th yroglobulin was measured aft er 6 months of operation.Results. Th ere were positive correlations between tumor diameter, age, white blood cell (WBC) and thyroglobulin levels. Th ere were also positive correlation between NLR, PLR and CRP levels.Conclusion. In our study, we found out that higher NLR and PLR was associated with higher levels of thyroglobulin which indicates worse survival. CRP levels were also associated with poorer tumor profi le but the determining rate was lower according to ROC analysis

Our aim was to determine the effects of vitamin E and L-carnitine supplementation, individually or in combination, on radiation-induced brain and retinal damages in a rat model. Group 1 received no treatment (control arm). Group 2 received a total dose of 15 Gy external radiotherapy (RT) to whole brain by Cobalt-60 teletherapy machine. Groups 3, 4, and 5 received irradiation plus 40 kg(-1) day(-1) Vitamin E or 200 mg kg(-1)day(-1) L-carnitine alone or in combination. Brain and retinal damages were histopathologically evaluated by two independent pathologists. Antioxidant enzyme levels were also measured. Radiation significantly increased brain and retinal damages. A significant increase in malondialdehyde levels as well as a decrease in superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes in brain was found in group 2. Separate administration of Vitamin E+RT and L-carnitine+RT significantly reduced the severity of brain and retinal damages and decreased the malondialdehyde levels and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes in the brain. The findings of current study support the antioxidant and radioprotective roles of vitamin E and L-carnitine. However, the combined use of Vitamin E and L-carnitine plus irradiation interestingly did not exhibit an additive radioprotective effect.

Background and objectives: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated inflammatory response to tumors plays a crucial role in preventing the progression of some cancers. Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), a cell-surface glycoprotein, has been reported to repress T-cell-mediated immune responses against tumors. However, the clinical significance of PD-L1 in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unclear. Our aim was to elucidate the prognostic significance of PD-L1 expression and CD8+ CTL density in CRC. Materials and methods: CD8 and PD-L1 immunostaining was conducted on 157 pathologic specimens from patients with CRC. The CD8+ CTL density and PD-L1 expression within the tumor microenvironment were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results: Tumor invasion (pT) was significantly correlated with intratumoral (p = 0.011) and peritumoral (p = 0.016) CD8+ CTLs density in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, there was a significant difference in the intensity of CD8+ CTLs between patients with and without distant metastases (intratumoral p = 0.007; peritumoral p = 0.037, T-test). Lymph node metastasis (pN) and TNM stage were significantly correlated with PD-L1 expression in CRC cells (p = 0.015, p = 0.029, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship between the intratumoral CD8+ CTL density and disease-free survival (DFS) (hazard ratio [HR] 2.06; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–4.23; p = 0.043). The DFS was considerably shorter in patients with a high expression of PD-L1 in cancer cells than those with a low expression (univariate HR 2.55; 95% CI 1.50–4.34; p = 0.001; multivariate HR 0.48; 95% CI 0.28–0.82; p = 0.007). Conversely, patients with high PD-L1 expression in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes had a longer DFS in both univariate analysis (HR 0.25; 95% CI: 0.14–0.44; p < 0.001) and multivariate analysis (HR 3.42; 95% CI: 1.95–6.01; p < 0.001). Conclusion: The CD8+ CTL density and PD-L1 expression are prognostic biomarkers for the survival of patients with CRC.

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Gastric cancer is one of the foremost causes of cancer related death around the world. The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), a member of the P2X receptor subfamily of P2 receptors, is a unique molecule that has been shown to affect tumor growth and progression as well as various inflammatory processes, including proliferation of T lymphocytes, release of cytokines, and production of free oxygen radicals. P2X7R has been established as a prognostic parameter in some cancers and, recently, it has been investigated in the development of new targeted therapies. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the prognostic value of P2X7R expression in GC. The expression profile of P2X7R was evaluated immunohistochemically in 156 paraffin-embedded human gastric cancer specimens. P2X7R expression was higher in patients with lymph node metastasis than in those without (p < 0.001). P2X7R overexpression was closely related with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes [TILs] (p = 0.001), vascular invasion (p = 0.006), depth of invasion (p < 0.001), distant metastasis (p < 0.001), and advanced TNM stage (p < 0.001). Moreover, univariate (HR 3.98; 95% CI 1.89–11.82; p < 0.001) and multivariate (HR 2.24; 95% CI 3.53–12.50; p < 0.001) Cox regression analysis showed that upregulated P2X7R expression clearly correlated with worsened overall survival. In summary, our data revealed that P2X7R may serve as a reliable prognostic parameter and promising therapeutic target for gastric cancer.

Background/aim: To assess the prognostic value of Ki-67, p27, and p53 immunoreactivity in human gastric cancer.Materials and methods: A total of 84 patients with gastric cancer participated in our study. We categorized tumors as intestinal and diffuse types, with reference to Lauren's classification. Ki-67, p27, and p53 immunoreactivity were correlated with patient's age, tumor type, grade, lymph node status, extent of invasion, tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, and survival.Results: Decreased expression of p27 (<20% positivity of cells) and increased p53 staining (>50% positivity of cells) were determined in 41 (48.8%) and 29 (36.9%) tumor specimens, respectively, and were connected with both the TNM stage (P = 0.007 and P = 0.039, respectively), and the extent of tumor invasion (P = 0.025 and P = 0.004, respectively). Kaplan-Meier methods showed a remarkable effect of reduced p27 expression on survival time (P = 0.003). In contrast, we observed no notable relationship between survival time and p53 or Ki-67 immunoreactivity (P = 0.372 and P = 0.401, respectively). Conclusion:A decrease in p27 expression and overexpression of p53 or Ki-67 may cause advancing and metastatic illness in patients with gastric carcinoma. In addition, immunopathological identification of p27 may be helpful to define patients with gastric cancer who are at an increased risk of death.

Background The aim of this study is to histologically and biomechanically investigate the effects of local PRP and ozone therapy (O2O3) on tendon-to-bone healing in a rabbit model of the supraspinatus tendon tear. Methods Four groups were formed to have seven rabbits in each group: repair, R; repair + PRP, RP; repair + ozone, RO; and repair + PRP + ozone, RPO. The supraspinatus tendon was detached by sharp dissection from the footprint and an acute tear pattern was created. Thereafter, tendon repair was performed with the transosseous technique. In the RP group, PRP, and in the RPO group, PRP + O2O3 mixture was injected to the tendon repair site. In the RO group, O2O3 gas mixture was injected into subacromial space three times a week for a total of 4 weeks. The study was ended at postoperative 6th week. Results When compared with the R group, a statistically significant increase was observed in the biomechanical strength of the RP and RPO groups. The highest increase in biomechanical strength was detected in the RPO group. The histology of the RO and RPO groups showed better collagen fiber continuity and orientation than the R and RP groups. Conclusions The results obtained from this study show that the ozonized PRP can be used as biological support to increase tendon-to-bone healing. However, these results need to be supported by clinical studies.