An examination of insect resistance was determined by several steps, i.e. standard sensitivity, resistance diagnosis, and determination of resistance level. Each phase was tested with feeding and residue contact methods at glass tube. Resistance ratio (RR) was determined by comparing LC50 value of field population with standard population. Field population of C. pavonana was classified resistant if it had RR 5 4. Biochemistry analysis of resistance was conducted to population of C. pavonana showing resistance to prophenophos insecticide. The activity analysis of acetylcholine esterase (ACHE), esterase, and Glutation Stransferase was done with spectrophotometer method. Insect which are resistant to prophenophos insecticide was tested for its sensitivity to Barringtonia asiatica seed extract. Result indicated that C. pavonana population from Pengalengan showed resistance to prophenophos synthetic insecticide. Using contact test, the highest resistance ratio value was 4.04, while by feeding assay the RR was 2.78. The study on biochemical resistance mechanisms of each field population of C. pavonana showed various activities of enzymatic detoxification. This could be due to the difference in the kind of insecticides exposed to each field population of C. pavonana. Since RR value from the contact test was higher than that of the feeding test, the resistance development of C. pavonana to synthetic insecticides was probably caused by physiological and biochemical changes in insect cuticle rather than the activity of detoxification enzyme. Methanolic seed extract of B. asiatica can be used as an alternative of resistance management of C. pavonana to prophenophos synthetic insecticide.
Abstrak: Yoghurt merupakan produk susu terfermentasi yang dibuat dengan menambahkan kultur bakteri asam laktat (BAL) ke dalam susu. Kultur BAL yang ditambahkan dapat berupa kultur bakteri tunggal ataupun campuran. Pada umumnya, kultur campuran yang biasa digunakan untuk membuat yoghurt adalah campuran antara Lactobacilus bulgaricus (Lb) dan Streptococcus thermophilus (St). Namun berdasarkan beberapa penelitian kedua bakteri ini tidak bertahan lama pada saluran pencernaan. Oleh karena itu pada penelitian ini dilakukan penambahan Lactobacillus acidophilus (La) untuk memperbaiki sifat probiotik dari produk yoghurt. Pada pembuatan kultur starter, kultur tunggal bakteri ditumbuhkan pada media susu skim 10%. Kemudian susu sapi hasil pasteurisasi diinokulasi dengan kultur starter dengan perbandingan kultur yang berbeda-beda yaitu 1:1, 1:4 dan 4:1 (Lb:St) untuk kultur dua bakteri serta 1:1:1, 1:4:1 dan 4:1:1 (Lb:St:La) untuk kultur tiga bakteri. Susu yang telah diinokulasi kemudian diinkubasi pada suhu 40°C selama 12 jam. Analisis terhadap produk yoghurt meliputi pengukuran pH, kadar laktosa, kadar asam laktat dan kadar protein. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa penambahan L. acidophilus cenderung memberikan efek penghambatan pembentukan asam laktat, seperti ditunjukkan oleh pH yang lebih tinggi, kadar asam laktat yang lebih rendah serta kadar laktosa sisa yang lebih tinggi pada yoghurt yang menggunakan kultur tiga bakteri.
Kata kunci: Yoghurt, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus
Abstract: Yoghurt is fermented milk product that is made by addition of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) into
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a substantial threat to the international health sector and the global economy. As of 26 December 2021, the number of mortalities resulting from COVID-19 exceeded 5.3 million worldwide. The absence of an effective non-vaccine treatment has prompted the quest for prophylactic agents that can be used to combat COVID-19. This study presents the feasibility of chicken egg yolk antibody (IgY) anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) spike SARS-CoV-2 as a strong candidate to neutralize the virus for application in passive immunization. For the purpose of preclinical studies, we radiolabeled IgY anti-RBD spike SARS-CoV-2 with radionuclide iodine-131. This allowed us to evaluate several biological characteristics of IgY in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo. The preclinical data suggest that IgY anti-RBD spike SARS-CoV-2 could specifically bind to the SARS-CoV-2 antigens; however, little uptake was observed in normal cells (MRC-5) (<2%). Furthermore, the ex vivo biodistribution study revealed that IgY predominantly accumulated in the trachea of normal mice compared to other organs. We also found that IgY possessed a good safety profile when used as an intranasal agent. Taken together, we propose that IgY anti-RBD spike SARS-CoV-2 has the potential for application in passive immunization against COVID-19.
Sabun cuci piring dan sabun mandi merupakan perbekalan kesehatan rumah tangga (PKRT) yang hampir pasti dibutuhkan oleh setiap rumah tangga. Pada sebagian rumah tangga, pengeluaran untuk kedua jenis produk tersebut cukup memberatkan secara ekonomi. Produksi sabun mandi dan sabun cuci piring yang relatif sederhana prosesnya dengan bahan-bahan yang relatif mudah didapat, diharapkan berdampak positif terhadap perekonomian mereka. Kegiatan ini dilakukan dilingkungan masyarakat Babakan Baru, kelurahan Sukapada, kecamatan Cibeunying Kidul, Kota Bandung. Kegiatan terdiri dari ; pretest, penyuluhan tentang sabun mandi dan sabun cuci piring, produksi dan pengemasan sabun cuci piring dan sabun mandi, dan diakhiri dengan posttest. Masyarakat peserta umumnya menyatakan senang dan merasa terbantu dengan adanya kegiatan ini.
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