Extended spectrum β‐lactamase producing Escherichia coli (ESBL‐EC) was detected in 86.6% of chicken and 22.6% of bulk tank milk (BTM) samples. Pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis analysis revealed 49 distinct restriction profiles among 66 isolates, and 62.3% of the isolates carried the blaCTX‐M gene, among which CTX‐M‐1 was found to be the predominant ESBL types in chicken isolates, whereas CTX‐M‐15 was the commonest among BTM samples. Additionally, of 52 ESBL‐EC isolates from chicken meat samples, 36.5%, 9.6%, and 7.7% harbored the blaTEM, blaCMY‐2, and blaSHV‐12 genes, respectively, compared with 28.5% of the blaTEM and 7.1% of the blaSHV‐12 markers among BTM isolates. The fimH gene was present in 51 isolates of chicken and in 14 isolates of BTM samples, while other virulence genes iutA (n = 31), iroN (n = 26), kpsMT II (n = 5), papC (n = 2), papG allele II (n = 2), papG allele II‐III (n = 2), and papEF (n = 2) were only present in chicken meat isolates. Overall, it can be said that contaminated chicken meat and BTM might serve as vehicles for playing potential role in zoonotic transmission of ESBL‐EC to humans in Turkey.
Practical applications
Extended spectrum β‐lactamase producing E. coli (ESBL‐EC) have been considered to be one of the major worldwide clinical problems and have been frequently isolated from the foods of animal origins such as chicken meat, fish, and raw milk. The current study aimed to isolate ESBL‐EC from chicken and bulk tank milk samples and further characterize the strains by PFGE, identifying resistance genes and as well as virulence genes. Given the high prevalence of CTX‐M‐15/55 type ESBL‐EC strains possessing important virulence genes in chicken and milk samples, it can be said that foods of animal origins might be an important risk factor for extraintestinal ESBL‐EC infections for humans.
As expected, sulfasalazine was effective on all parameters analyzed, but the colon-targeted pretreatments were more effective from sulfasalazine on some parameters. Therefore, colon-targeted plant-derived therapies might be alternative approaches to provide protection against UC, which deserves to be investigated further.
Aluminium is a ubiquitous element that occurs naturally in the soil making human exposure to it is unavoidable. Tyrosol is present in olive oil and is known to have antioxidant effects. Therefore, the present study explores the toxic effects of aluminium chloride (AlCl3) and evaluates the possible protection by tyrosol in male rats. Testicular injury was induced by the administration of AlCl3 (34 mg kg−1 day−1). Rats were treated with either tyrosol (20 mg kg−1 day−1) or AlCl3 (34 mg kg−1 day−1). The experiment lasted for 10 weeks. Biochemical, histopathological and protein expression profiles were determined to decipher the role of tyrosol in protecting the cellular damage. Further, histomorphometric analyses of testes showed deranged architecture along with other noted abnormalities. AlCl3 group rats' testes showed decreased GSH levels, CAT activities, Nrf‐2, HO‐1, bcl‐2 expressions and sperm motility whereas increased caspase‐3 expressions, MDA levels, abnormal and dead/live sperm ratio. However, tyrosol treatment attenuated these changes. The present results demonstrate the beneficial role of tyrosol treatment in AlCl3 induced testicular toxicity alterations of rat.
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