In this study, we have investigated the effects of different doses of thymol (T) and carvacrol (C) on sperm quality oxidative stress and antioxidant system. For this purpose, 49 rats were divided into seven groups (7 rats in each group): 1st Group (control); 2nd Group T-10 (thymol 10 mg/kg), 3rd Group T-20 (thymol 20 mg/kg), 4th Group C-10 (carvacrol 10 mg/kg), 5th Group C-20 (carvacrol 20 mg/kg), 6th Group T + C-10 (thymol 10 mg/kg + carvacrol 10 mg/kg) and 7th Group T + C-20 (thymol 20 mg/kg + carvacrol 20 mg/kg). The duration of the experiment was 10 weeks for all animals. During the study, sperm quality parameters (motility, concentration, abnormal spermatozoa and live-dead sperm ratio), biochemical parameters [malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione(GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), AST, ALT, GGT, urea and creatinine] were analysed, and histopathological examination was performed. The study results showed that monotherapies of thymol and carvacrol significantly decreased MDA levels in testicles, liver and kidney tissues compared to the control group (p < .001). GSH levels increased only with the thymol administration and GSH-Px and catalase activity increased only with the carvacrol administration compared to the control group (p < .05). The combined administration of these two agents did not cause any significant change in any parameter. Regarding the sperm quality parameters, only the spermatozoa concentration and motility increased significantly in the thymol and carvacrol groups compared to the control group (p < .01). However, these parameters decreased in the 7th Group (T + C-20) compared to the control group (p < .001). Considering the dead sperm ratio decreased significantly in the 2nd (T-10), 3rd (T-20), 4th (C-10), 5th (C-20) and 6th Group (T + C-10) compared to the control group (p < .001). In respect of spermatozoon anomaly, there was a significant decrease in thymol and carvacrol monotherapy groups. The histopathological analysis of the testicle, liver and kidney tissues of the animals showed no difference between the groups. In conclusion, we have determined that thymol and carvacrol administration decreased the oxidative damage and increased the antioxidant levels and improved the sperm quality parameters. However, the combined use of these two active ingredients had a limited therapeutic effect on the mentioned parameters.

Aluminium is a ubiquitous element that occurs naturally in the soil making human exposure to it is unavoidable. Tyrosol is present in olive oil and is known to have antioxidant effects. Therefore, the present study explores the toxic effects of aluminium chloride (AlCl3) and evaluates the possible protection by tyrosol in male rats. Testicular injury was induced by the administration of AlCl3 (34 mg kg−1 day−1). Rats were treated with either tyrosol (20 mg kg−1 day−1) or AlCl3 (34 mg kg−1 day−1). The experiment lasted for 10 weeks. Biochemical, histopathological and protein expression profiles were determined to decipher the role of tyrosol in protecting the cellular damage. Further, histomorphometric analyses of testes showed deranged architecture along with other noted abnormalities. AlCl3 group rats' testes showed decreased GSH levels, CAT activities, Nrf‐2, HO‐1, bcl‐2 expressions and sperm motility whereas increased caspase‐3 expressions, MDA levels, abnormal and dead/live sperm ratio. However, tyrosol treatment attenuated these changes. The present results demonstrate the beneficial role of tyrosol treatment in AlCl3 induced testicular toxicity alterations of rat.

The study aimed to examine the effects of nobiletin on the toxicity model induced with acetaminophen (APAP). For this purpose, 24 adult male rats were equally divided into four groups. The groups were the control group (group 1); dimethyl sulfoxide only, the APAP group (group 2) received a single dose of APAP 1000 mg/kg on the 10th day of experiment; the Nobiletin group (group 3), nobiletin (10 mg/kg) for 10 days; and the APAP + Nobiletin group (group 4), nobiletin (10 mg/kg) for 10 days with a single dose of APAP (1000 mg/kg) administered on the 10th day and the experiment ended after 48 hours. At the end of the study, a significant increase in malondialdehyde, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels and a significant decrease in glutathione levels, glutathione peroxidase activities and nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf-2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expressions were observed with APAP application in liver and kidney tissues. Serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), urea, and creatinine levels were also significantly increased in the APAP group. However, nobiletin treatment in group 4 reversed oxidative stress and inflammatory and histopathological signs caused by APAP. It is concluded that nobiletin may be a beneficial substance that confers hepatorenal protection to APAP-induced toxicity via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. K E Y W O R D Sacetaminophen, nobiletin, Nrf-2/HO-1, oxidative stress

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Asthma is an in ammatory disease that affects many people around the world, especially individuals of pediatric age. The effectiveness of tyrosol, a natural phenolic compound, was examined in the asthma model induced by ovalbumin (OVA). MethodsFor this purpose, 4 groups, each consisting of 8 rats, were formed. Serum physiological was given to the control group for 21 days. OVA was given to OVA, OVA + Dexamethasone (Dexa) and OVA + tyrosol groups intraperitoneally and by inhalation. Additionally, 0.25 mg/kg Dexa was administered to the OVA + Dexa group and 20 mg/kg tyrosol to the OVA + Tyrosol group by oral gavage. Serum, blood, BALF uid and lung tissues of the rats were examined. Resultsit was observed that the MDA level decreased, GSH level and GPx activity increased, and there was no change in CAT activity in the tyrosol treatment groups. It was also observed that NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IFN-, and IgE levels decreased compared to the OVA group. However, no effect on IL-1 β level was observed. In addition, it was determined that tyrosol treatment increased the IL-10 level. The results of the histopathological investigation of lung tissue showed that tyrosol signi cantly ameliorated OVA-induced histopathological lesions. Additionally, PAS staining showed that mucus hypersecretion was signi cantly reduced with the use of tyrosol. In addition, it was determined that the number of eosinophils decreased signi cantly. ConclusionsThe obtained results showed that tyrosol presented antioxidant and anti-in ammatory features on OVAinduced rats and preserved tissue architecture.

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Purpose Asthma is an inflammatory disease that affects many people around the world, especially individuals of pediatric age. The effectiveness of tyrosol, a natural phenolic compound, was examined in the asthma model induced by ovalbumin (OVA). Methods For this purpose, 4 groups, each consisting of 8 rats, were formed. Serum physiological was given to the control group for 21 days. OVA was given to OVA, OVA + Dexamethasone (Dexa) and OVA + tyrosol groups intraperitoneally and by inhalation. Additionally, 0.25 mg/kg Dexa was administered to the OVA + Dexa group and 20 mg/kg tyrosol to the OVA + Tyrosol group by oral gavage. Serum, blood, BALF fluid and lung tissues of the rats were examined. Results it was observed that the MDA level decreased, GSH level and GPx activity increased, and there was no change in CAT activity in the tyrosol treatment groups. It was also observed that NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IFN-𝛾, and IgE levels decreased compared to the OVA group. However, no effect on IL-1 β level was observed. In addition, it was determined that tyrosol treatment increased the IL-10 level. The results of the histopathological investigation of lung tissue showed that tyrosol significantly ameliorated OVA-induced histopathological lesions. Additionally, PAS staining showed that mucus hypersecretion was significantly reduced with the use of tyrosol. In addition, it was determined that the number of eosinophils decreased significantly. Conclusions The obtained results showed that tyrosol presented antioxidant and anti-inflammatory features on OVA-induced rats and preserved tissue architecture.