Evaluation of bulk tank raw milk and raw chicken meat samples as source of ESBL producing Escherichia coli in Turkey: Recent insights

Abstract

Extended spectrum β‐lactamase producing Escherichia coli (ESBL‐EC) was detected in 86.6% of chicken and 22.6% of bulk tank milk (BTM) samples. Pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis analysis revealed 49 distinct restriction profiles among 66 isolates, and 62.3% of the isolates carried the blaCTX‐M gene, among which CTX‐M‐1 was found to be the predominant ESBL types in chicken isolates, whereas CTX‐M‐15 was the commonest among BTM samples. Additionally, of 52 ESBL‐EC isolates from chicken meat samples, 36.5%, 9.6%, and 7.7% harbored the blaTEM, blaCMY‐2, and blaSHV‐12 genes, respectively, compared with 28.5% of the blaTEM and 7.1% of the blaSHV‐12 markers among BTM isolates. The fimH gene was present in 51 isolates of chicken and in 14 isolates of BTM samples, while other virulence genes iutA (n = 31), iroN (n = 26), kpsMT II (n = 5), papC (n = 2), papG allele II (n = 2), papG allele II‐III (n = 2), and papEF (n = 2) were only present in chicken meat isolates. Overall, it can be said that contaminated chicken meat and BTM might serve as vehicles for playing potential role in zoonotic transmission of ESBL‐EC to humans in Turkey. Practical applications Extended spectrum β‐lactamase producing E. coli (ESBL‐EC) have been considered to be one of the major worldwide clinical problems and have been frequently isolated from the foods of animal origins such as chicken meat, fish, and raw milk. The current study aimed to isolate ESBL‐EC from chicken and bulk tank milk samples and further characterize the strains by PFGE, identifying resistance genes and as well as virulence genes. Given the high prevalence of CTX‐M‐15/55 type ESBL‐EC strains possessing important virulence genes in chicken and milk samples, it can be said that foods of animal origins might be an important risk factor for extraintestinal ESBL‐EC infections for humans.

Determination of the ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from chicken meat in Turkey

“…On the other hand, PMQR genes were reported as 4% and 7.8% in the Czech Republic and China, respectively (Literak et al, 2013;Yu et al, 2015). Additionally, in other studies carried out in Turkey, a low-level presence of the PMQR gene was reported (Kürekci et al, 2018;Müştak et al, 2012). Previously in Turkey, Müştak et al (2012) reported the presence of only the qnrA of the PMQR gene in five (5.3%) samples of 94 isolated chicken E. coli cloacal swaps.…”

“…Previously in Turkey, Müştak et al (2012) reported the presence of only the qnrA of the PMQR gene in five (5.3%) samples of 94 isolated chicken E. coli cloacal swaps. More recently, qnrS (n = 5) and qnrB (n = 8) of the PMQR genes from chicken meat were reported among the ESBL-producing E. coli strains obtained from chicken meat samples; however, qnrA, qnrC, qnrD, and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes were not found (Kürekci et al, 2018).…”

“…In contrast, no PMQR genes (qnrA,qnrB,qnrS,qnrC,qnrD, were detected in this study. The PMQR genes were rare for Turkey (Kürekci et al, 2018;Müştak et al, 2012). However, CR E. coli was found with high rates in this study, and the occurrence of PMQR determinants was not always related with quinolone resistance.…”

“…A meaningful correlation has been reported between ESBL (together with CTX-M types) and PMQR genes (Branger et al, 2005;Nordmann and Poirel, 2005). In a recent study of ESBL E. coli in milk and chicken meat samples by Kürekci et al (2018), a significantly high rate of ESBL (86.7%) E. coli strains were reported to be isolated, and the authors noted that the CTX-M gene was quite prevalent (62.3%) in these isolates. In this study, 8.3% of the isolated CR E. coli was determined to be ESBL-positive, and two isolates (3.4%) possessed the bla CTX-M and bla C-MY-2 genes, whereas 40 isolates (67.8%) possessed the bla TEM gene.…”

Whole genome sequencing analysis of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli : from food to human

“…Numerous applications of WGS have been documented in the area of AMR including molecular surveillance, transmission and evolution study of AMR, diagnostic test and so on [178]. The prevalence of ESBL in retail raw meats has been investigated in many countries [51,52,55,58,62,248]. The WGS data of ESBL-producers has also been reported by many researchers [249][250][251].…”