Abstract. Supartha IW, Susila IW, Sunari AAAAS, Mahaputra IGF, Yudha IKW, Wiradana PA. 2021. Damage characteristics and distribution patterns of invasive pest, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on maize crop in Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3378-3387. The Fall Armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a destructive crop pest native to North and South America which has now been reported to have spread to Indonesia. This study aims to ensure the attack and spread of invasive pests FAW on corn crops in Bali. In addition, it also studied population structure, age structure, and percentage of attacks on maize crops in high altitude areas in Bali, Indonesia. The research was conducted using survey methods. A sampling of plants is carried out in all districts and cities in the Province of Bali by diagonal sampling. The sample unit size is 5 m × 5 m with the number of plants observed being 150 plants. The score of plant damage at the age of 4 weeks after planting (WAP) plants has a "very heavy" attack intensity value. Areas of upper leaves or young leaves most affected by S. frugiperda attack in the field. The results showed that pest FAW has been entering and attacking maize crops in Bali since January 2020 as the first report. At the beginning of the entry was only found in some lowland locations, especially in Tabanan and Jembrana regency, but within the next 4 months, it has spread evenly in all districts and cities in Bali province. Adults populations and egg groups of FAW were found to peak by the time the corn crop was 2 weeks old after planting while the larval population reached its peak by the time the plant was 4 WAP The highest percentage of FAW attacks is in altitude areas below 250 meters above sea level (masl) with an average attack per observation plot of 47.84%. This research is the first to report on FAW attacks on maize crops in Bali Province since January 2020 and adds to our knowledge of FAW pests on maize crops in Bali Province.
Abstract. Supartha IW, Yudha IKW, Wiradana PA, Susila IW. 2020. Response of parasitoids to invasive pest Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on cassava crop in Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 4543-4549. Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is an invasive pest that entered Indonesia in 2010 and attacks cassava plants, especially in Bali Province. This study aimed to identify species and establish the population distribution mapping, community structures (diversity, abundance, and dominance), and parasitization rate on cassava crops in Bali. This study conducted with a field observation method by taking infested shoots of cassava plants by P. manihoti purposively in the field. The cassava mealybug that was present in the leaves or shoots were kept in the laboratory until the parasitoid appeared. The results showed that four species of parasitoids were found to respond to invasive pest, namely Anagyrus lopezi (Encyrtidae), Acerophagus sp. (Encyrtidae), Blepyrus sp. (Encyrtidae) and Encarsia sp. (Aphelinidae). Structurally the parasitoid community had a low abundance (R1 = 0.50–0.87) and low diversity index value (H'= 0.27-0.28). While the parasitoid dominance index was in the moderate category with a value D = 0.33–0.59 in Bangli, Klungkung, Badung, Tabanan, and Buleleng Districts. But it had high dominance index values in Gianyar, Denpasar, Jembrana, and Karangasem Districts with a value D = 0.62-0.72. The three species of parasitoid spread evenly in all districts and cities in Bali according to the host distribution map, namely P. manihoti on cassava crop. The four parasitoids showed varying parasitic levels in the field with the highest parasitization rate was A. lopezi followed by Acerophagus sp., Blepyrus sp., and Encarsia sp.
Abstract. Supartha IW, Susila IW, Sumiartha IK, Rauf A, Cruz LBDC, Yudha IKW, Utama IWEK, Wiradana PA. 2021. Preference, population development, and molecular characteristics of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on shallot cultivars: A field trial scale. Biodiversitas 23: 783-792. The beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a polyphagous insect that is the main pest and is responsible for the decline in shallot production in Indonesia. This study aims to (i) analyze preferences; (ii) colonization time; (iii) population development; (iv) attack of armyworms according to plant phenology in the shallot cultivars; and (v) identification species of armyworms. The research was conducted in Bangli Village, Tabanan Regency, Bali Province, Indonesia. The research design used was a randomized block design with the treatment of five shallot cultivars and five replications. Molecular analysis of armyworm larvae was carried out using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method using forward Lep_F1 and reverse Lep_R1 primers at the Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene. Our results indicate that the period of adult pest infestation has been seen since the emergence of plants, namely 7 days after planting (dap). The colonization period begins at 21 (dap), when plants and larvae begin to grow. The development of the egg and larva population was seen when the plants totaled 21 (dap) (for eggs) and 28 dap (for larvae). The most preferred shallot cultivars are "Bali Karet" and "Bima Brebes". Armyworm larvae, including S. exigua, were identified as related to the same group as isolate larvae from China, India, Pakistan, Thailand, and Japan. These findings indicated that S. exigua preferred the two cultivars of shallots in the fields and emerged at 21 dap. This shows that insect management activities must be carried out systematically both when the shallots plants are young, pre- and post-harvest. Control with natural enemies can also be done for further research.
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the application of problem-based learning to improve student learning outcomes in the subject of Basic Competencies for Maintaining Brake Systems at SMK Negeri 2 Kupang. This study used a 2x2 factorial research design with experimental methods with a quantitative approach, consisting of two classes: the experimental and control classes. The control class is taught using a direct learning model, and the experimental class is taught using a problem-based learning model. The research sample was 70 students, 36 students from TKR 2 class (experiment class), and 34 students from class XI TKR 3 (control class). The instrument used consisted of a questionnaire of analytical skills, a test of learning outcomes in the cognitive domain, affective domain, and psychomotor domain. This study's results indicate that (1) student learning outcomes using problem-based learning models are significantly higher than learning outcomes for students who use the direct learning model; (2) the learning outcomes of students who have high analytical skills are significantly higher than the learning outcomes of students who have low analytical skills; and (3) there is an interaction between the use of problem-based learning models and direct learning models on learning outcomes in the basic competency subject of the brake system at SMKN 2 Kupang.
Star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) is a fruit plant that has a high consumption rate, especially in the Central/South America and Asia-Pacific regions including Indonesia. The fruit fly, Bactrocera spp. become a major pest on star fruit commodities in Indonesia which can harm quantity and quality which in turn hampers export activities. The aims of this study was to identify the type of pest, the level of attack, and the type of parasitoid associated with star fruit flies in the Denpasar City area. Fruit samples were collected using a purposive sampling method, namely collecting symptomatic fruit planted in four sub-districts in Denpasar City. Identification was carried out on the types of fruit flies and parasitoids that emerged after the rearing period. The percentage of fruit damage and the degree of parasitization was also determined. The fruit flies identified were Bactrocera carambolae and B. dorsalis and two parasitoids, namely Fopius arisanus and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata. The percentage (%) of fruit damage was 83.10%. The interaction that occurs between the fruit fly population and the level of damage is also very close. In all observation sites in Denpasar City, the parasitization rate of F. arisanus was higher than that of D. longicaudata. Our findings indicate that fruit flies are one of the main causes of star fruit damage in Denpasar City and should be integrated into a more comprehensive Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program by the relevant authorities.
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