Abstract:Remotely sensed imagery is a type of data that is compatible with the monitoring and mapping of changes in built-up and bare land within urban areas as the impacts of population growth and urbanisation increase. The application of currently available remote sensing indices, however, has some limitations with respect to distinguishing built-up and bare land in urban areas. In this study, a new index for transforming remote sensing data for mapping built-up and bare land areas is proposed. The Enhanced Built-Up and Bareness Index (EBBI) is able to map built-up and bare land areas using a single calculation. The EBBI is the first built-up and bare land index that applies near infrared (NIR), short wave infrared (SWIR), and thermal infrared (TIR) channels simultaneously. This new index was applied to distinguish built-up and bare land areas in Denpasar (Bali, Indonesia) and had a high accuracy level when compared to existing indices. The EBBI was more effective at discriminating built-up and bare land areas and at increasing the accuracy of the built-up density percentage than five other indices.

Remote sensing data of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis for 13 years have been used to observe the spatial patterns relationship of rainfall with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) over Indonesia. Linear correlation was measured to determine the relationship level by the restriction analysis of seasonal and monthly relationship, while the partial correlation technique was utilized to distinguish the impact of one phenomenon from that of the other. Application of remote sensing data can reveal an interaction of spatial-temporal relationship of rainfall with ENSO and IOD between land and sea. In general, the temporal patterns relationship of rainfall with ENSO confirmed fairly similar temporal patterns between rainfall with IOD, which is high response during JJA (June-July-August) and SON (September-October-November) and unclear response during DJF (December-January-February) and MAM (March-April-May). Spatial patterns relationship of both phenomena with rainfall is high in the southeastern part of Sumatra Island and Java Island during JJA and SON. During the SON season, IOD has a higher relationship level than ENSO in this part. In the spatial-temporal pattern seen, a dynamic movement of the relationship between IOD and ENSO with rainfall in Indonesia is indicated, where the influence of ENSO and IOD started during JJA especially in July in the southwest of Indonesia and ended in the DJF period especially in January in the northeast of Indonesia.

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Remote sensing data with medium spatial resolution can provide useful information about Gross Primary Production (GPP), especially on the scale of urban areas. Most models of ecosystem carbon exchange that are based on remote sensing use some form of the light use efficiency (LUE) model. The aim of this work is to analyze the distribution of annual GPP in the urban area of Denpasar, Bali. Additional analysis using two types of satellite data (ALOS/AVNIR-2 and Aster) addresses the impact of spatial resolution on the detection of various ecosystem processes in Denpasar. Annual GPP estimated using ALOS/AVNIR-2 varied from 0.13 gC m . GPP as measured by ALOS/AVNIR-2 was lower than that from Aster because ALOS/AVNIR-2 has medium spatial resolution and a smaller spectral range than Aster. Variations in land use may influence the measured value of GPP via differences in vegetation type, distribution, and photosynthetic pathway type. The medium spatial resolution of the remote sensing data is crucial for discriminating different land cover types in heterogeneous urban areas. Given the heterogeneity of land cover over Denpasar, ALOS/AVNIR-2 detects a smaller maximum value of GPP than Aster, but the annual mean GPP from ALOS/AVNIR-2 is higher than that from Aster. Based on comparisons with previous work, we find that ALOS/AVNIR-2 and Aster satellite data provided more accurate estimates of maximum GPP in Denpasar and in the tropical Kalimantan-Indonesia and Amazon forest than estimates derived from the MODIS GPP product (MOD17).

There was change of expanding land use in Bedugul, It is necessary to monitor the change of highland of Bali, catchments area of Bcratan, Buyan and Tamblingan lakes. In order to control land use change and to anticipate degradation of hydrology function of this area. This study is to monitor the land use change by remote sensing and GIS technique. To evaluate land use and land cover, aerial photograph imagery and Ikonos imagery were used.Over 22 years of observation (1981 -2003), there \vas land use changes in the calchments area of Bcratan, Buyan and Tamblingan lakes at Bedugul area. The area of settlement increased by 62.6 ha, dry land vegetable crops increased by 7.5 ha, and shrub increased by 26.2 ha. On the other hand, areas of coffee crops and forest decreased by 116.5 ha and 32.5 ha, respectively. The surface area of Buyan Lake was also decreased, due to sedimentation caused by erosion in the vegetables dry land crops. Planning the land use study on erosion and soil-water conservation in this area are necessary, in order to control land use change, erosion, and sedimentation in the lakes

This study aims to examine the effect of task complexity and time pressure on auditor performance at the Public Accounting Firm (KAP) in Bali Province with compensation and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) as moderating. The population in this study were all KAP auditors in Bali Province registered in the Directory published by the Indonesian Institute of Certified Public Accountants (IAPI) in 2017. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The criteria are: the auditor works in a KAP throughout the Province of Bali who is still actively operating and has a minimum work period or audit experience of 1 year. 61 questionnaire data were processed. The results of this study found that: task complexity has a negative effect on auditor performance, time pressure has a negative effect on auditor performance. The results also show that compensation is not able to moderate the influence of task complexity and time pressure on auditor performance. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is not able to moderate the influence of task complexity on auditor performance but is able to moderate the influence of time pressure on auditor performance.

Pakerisan watershed is used by the people for various purposes to meet the daily needs for water and it is also for irrigation water. The aim of research was to determine the water quality related to human activities and the pollution index. Water sampling was conducted in the nine sample points i.e. upstream of two sample points, in the middle of four sample points, and in the downstream of three sample points. Sampling was done by purposive sampling. Determination of water quality was carried out by comparing the measured data of each parameter of water with the value of quality standards based on the Bali Governor Regulation Number  08 of 2007, while the definition of the status of water quality was done by the pollution index method. The results showed that the activities that affect the water quality physically, chemically and biologically at the upstream to downstream are farming activities, settlements, tourism and trade. In the upstream showed no parameters that exceeded the quality standards, the variables of BOD, COD, phosphate, fecal coli and total coli exceeded the quality standards and in the downstream,  the BOD, fosfat and  fecal coli exceeded the quality standards. The pollution index found in the upstream region good condition, whereas in the middle was classified as heavily polluted until the downstream  was lightly polluted.

Air merupakan salah satu kebutuhan dasar yang sangat penting bagi manusia. Terdapat beberapa faktor utama penyebab perubahan sumber daya air, diantaranya adalah perubahan penutupandan pengelolaan lahan yang meningkatkan kekedapan lahan.Salah satu tujuan pengelolaan DAS adalah mencapai kondisi tata air optimal yang dapat dikenali dari sifat aliran sungai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) mengetahui distribusi perubahan penggunaan lahan yang terjadi di wilayah DAS Cisadane Hulu dari tahun 2003 sampai 2010; (2) mengetahui perubahan hasil air akibat distribusi perubahan penggunaan lahan. Daerah kajian penelitian adalah DAS Cisadane Hulu dengan luasan sekitar 22.288,01 ha. Penelitian dilakukan melalui dua tahap yaitu analisis perubahan penggnaan lahan dan prediksi aliran dengan model HEC-HMS. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan peta pengunaan lahan dari BIG (Badan Informasi Geospasial) tahun 2003 dan Peta Penggunaan Lahan tahun 2010 hasil interpretasi Citra ALOS. Selanjutnya kedua peta tersebut dianalisis dengan metoda tabel silang (cross tabel) untuk memperoleh data perubahan penggunaan lahan dari setiap kelas penggunaannya. Kedua data series penggunaan lahan ini digunakan sebagai input pada model prediksi debit aliran HEC-HMS. Selanjutnya dibangun juga skenario-skenario untuk melihat dampak perubahan lahan terhadap debit aliran di DAS Cisadane Hulu. Metode bilangan kurva (SCS-CN) dipilih untuk menghitung besar curah hujan efektif, yaitu dari pengurangan curah hujan bruto dengan berbagai bentuk kehilangan air (loss). Transformasi dari curah hujan efektif menjadi hidrograf aliran langsung (direct runoff) diperoleh dengan menggunakan metode hidrograf satuan SCS Curve Number. Selama kurun waktu 2003 – 2010 terjadi perubahan penggunaan lahan di DAS Cisadane Hulu. Luas Hutan bertambah 223,78 ha, pemukiman 214,78 ha, rumput/tanah kosong 85, 73 ha, dan gedung 12, 64 ha. Terjadi penguarangan luas semak belukar 225,64 ha, tegalan/ladang 145,92 ha, sawah irigasi 124, 92 ha, sawah tadah hujan 30,67 ha, dan kebun/perkebunan 9,92 ha. Hasil dari simulasi dengan menggunakan peta penggunaan lahan tahun 2010 didapatkan nilai debit puncak (Qp) sebesar 81.73 m3/detik. Nilai volume puncak (Vp) sebesar 2,310.7 mm dan Waktu Puncak (Tp) pada hidrograf aliran yang dihasilkan model terjadi pada tanggal 26 Maret 2010. Secara umum terjadi peningkatan debit puncak antara penggunaan lahan tahun 2003 dengan 2010. dari 81.22 m³/detik menjadi 81.73 m³/detik. Naiknya debit puncak disebabkan meningkatnya aliran permukaan akibat perkembangan pemukiman di DAS.Hal ini terlihat dengan meningkatnya nilai CN rata-rata dari 38.5 menjadi 39.4.Pada simulasi dengan penggunaan lahan tahun 2010 didapatkan hasil airsebesar 2.310,7 mm/tahun.Nilai ini lebih kecil dari simulasi dengan penggunaan lahan tahun 2003 yaitu 2.320,1 mm/tahun. Salah satu penyebab berkurangnya hasil air dapat dikarenakan penguapan yang meningkat akibat bertambahnya luasan hutan. (banyaknya pemanfaat air tanah disekitar DAS tersebut, baik legal maupun ilegal).