Abstract. Rai IN, Suada IK, Proborini M, Wiraatmaja IW, Semenov M, Krasnov G. 2019. Indigenous endomycorrhizal fungi at salak (Salacca zalacca) plantations in Bali, Indonesia and their colonization of the roots. Biodiversitas 20: 2410-2416. Cultivation of snake fruit, commonly known as salak usually done organically on dry land with limited fertilizer in Bali. This research aimed to observe and to identify the indigenous endomycorrhizal fungi on salak roots. The exploration was carried out by collecting soil and root samples in salak producing areas in Bali, i.e. Bebandem and Selat of Karangasem Regency, Payangan of Gianyar, and Pupuan of Tabanan Regency. At each location, 9 random samples were taken, resulting in a total of 36 samples. Spore extraction was carried out using a wet filtration technique followed by centrifugation according to the method by Brunndrett et al. (2009). Morphological identification was carried out at the genus and species level using the Manual for Identification of Mycorrhiza Fungi for identifying Vesicular-Arbuscular-Mycorrhiza (VAM) fungi (Schenk and Perez, 1990), while molecular identification was carried out according to Tedersoo et al. (2014). The percentage of root infections was carried out using the coloring method with trypan blue. The results showed there were only two genera of endomycorrhizae (Glomus and Entrophospora) identified at the locations of study sites. The results also showed that samples from Bebandem and Selat regions had 3 Glomus species, Payangan had 3 Glomus species and 1 Entrophospora species, while in Pupuan had only 2 Glomus species. Identification results based on morphological characters showed that all species in the genus Glomus consisted of 3 species, namely Glomus sp-1, Glomus sp-2, and Glomus sp-3, while one species in the genus Entrophospora was Entrophospora sp. Genetic identification results based on the nucleotide arrangement showed that Glomus sp-1 concluded as Glomus cubence, Glomus sp-2 concluded as Glomus custos, and Glomus sp-3 concluded as Glomus indicum, while Entrophospora species concluded as Entrophospora_sp_SH197095.06FU. The average of root colonization/ infection was very high, reaching 93.33% in Bebandem and Selat, 95.00% in Pupuan, and 100% in Payangan. The very high root infection rates indicated that the indigenous endomycorrhiza found in these areas was very adaptive in salak plantation, so there is an opportunity to be developed as biofertilizers.

Darmawati IAP, Rai IN, Dwiyani R, Astarini IA. 2018. The diversity of wild Dendrobium (Orchidaceae) in Central Bali,Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 1110-1116. Dendrobium is the largest orchid genus of the Orchidaceae family. The research aimed toexplore the species diversity of Dendrobium, dominance, and species similarity in some forest of Bali. The explored locations weregrouped to lowland about 0-700 m asl. (Tejakula, Bukit Silangjana, Sepang Kelod, Mekori, and Busungbiu), transition land about 700-1100 m asl. (Sepang Kaje and Jatiluwih) and lower montane 1100-1500 m asl. (Natural Reserves of Lake Buyan-Tamblingan, PuncakLandep, and Lemukih). There were 24 species of Dendrobium in Central Bali, 2 spesies of which were not identified. The dominantspecies were D. acuminatissimum, D. crumenatum and D. linearifolium. The highest species diversity index of wild Dendrobium waspresent in lowland (16 species, 66.66%) followed by those in transition land and lower montane (12 species, 50.00% and 6 species,20.83%, respectively). The pattern is also similar either for the species prosperity (3.875; 3.094, and 0.699, respectively). Uniformity ofwild Dendrobium on transition land was 0.922, followed by those in lowland and lower montane (0.864 and 0.794). There were 6similar species of Dendrobium found in lowlands and lower montane (42.857% equality index) and 2 similar species in lowlands andlower montane (19.047% equality index) and also 2 similar species in transition land and lower montane (23.359% equality index). D.macrophylum, D. heterocarpum and D.secundum, their presence are pronely threatened with extinction so conservation is necessary.

Banana (Musa spp.) is one the most important agriculture commodities in Indonesia. Archeological and molecular evidences suggest that speciation of this herb occurred in Indonesia, leading to the high diversity in the archipelago. In Bali Island, banana is not only sought for food but as well as for their symbolic role in religious and cultural ceremonies. However, the high demand for bananas in Bali is not yet supported by the adequate production of local farms. This presented study aimed to investigate the diversity of banana cultivars or sub-species in Bali and its usefulness to determine preferable cultivars to cultivate. We recorded and characterized 43 banana cultivars in 10 villages that represent the 8 regencies and 1 city of Bali province. Out of the 43 cultivars, 7 were highly used and at least one cultivar was discovered in each of the studied village.  The presence of these cultivars in the study areas were confirmed by site visit and characterization of the fruits. Among the highly ranked cultivars or species, only biu kayu is unique to Bali as it was not found in the closest provinces of East Java and Madura. Hence, the results suggested that to improve the cultivation and production of these 7 highly used cultivars could be an appropriate solution to meet Bali demand of bananas. Furthermore, cultivating biu kayu would also help conservation effort since this cultivar is also currently listed as a rare genetic resource.

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The rapid growth of tourism in Bali raises new issues i.e. the decline of the agricultural sector. A model of development of integration of agriculture and tourism is required to avoid further imbalance in the development (lemon, pineapple, avocado, papaya, strawberry, star fruit), and for agrotourism object (strawberry, snake fruit, orange and mangosteen). We suggested that effort was required to increase the utilization of local fruits for tourism activities so that it increased the welfare of the farming community in Bali. Ke y word: genetic resources, local fruit, integration, agriculture, tourism ABSTRAKPesatnya perkembangan pariwisata di Bali memunculkan masalah baru yaitu semakin terdesaknya sektor pertanian. Untuk menghindari semakin tidak seimbangnya antara sektor pariwisata dan pertanian dikembangkanlah model pembangunan pertanian terintegrasi dengan pariwisata. Penelitian ini bertujuan melakukan identifikasi dan telaah pemanfaatan sumber daya genetik buah-buahan lokal untuk meningkatkan integrasi pertanian dan pariwisata. Penelitian dilakukan dari Maret sampai Desember 2015 di seluruh kabupaten di Bali, menggunakan metode survei untuk mengidentifikasi spesies dan sub-spesies sumber daya genetik buah-buahan lokal, pemanfaatannya, musim panen, dan buah unggulan kabupaten. Batasan buah lokal dalam penelitian ini adalah semua spesies dan sub-spesies buah-buahan yang ada di Bali, baik dibudidayakan atau liar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan teridentifikasi sebanyak 41 spesies dan 149 sub-spesies buahbuahan lokal. Lokasi tumbuhnya sebagian besar tersebar hampir di seluruh kabupaten/kota di Bali seperti jeruk Bali, salak, pisang, wani, mangga, manggis, durian, jambu biji, dan nangka, tetapi ada yang hanya dibudidayakan atau tumbuh pada lokasi spesifik tertentu seperti stroberi, kawista, anggur, leci, dan mundu. Ketersediaan buah umumnya masih bersifat musiman, dengan musim 1) Program Studi Agroekoteknologi, Faperta Universitas Udayana, Denpasar

Pakerisan watershed is used by the people for various purposes to meet the daily needs for water and it is also for irrigation water. The aim of research was to determine the water quality related to human activities and the pollution index. Water sampling was conducted in the nine sample points i.e. upstream of two sample points, in the middle of four sample points, and in the downstream of three sample points. Sampling was done by purposive sampling. Determination of water quality was carried out by comparing the measured data of each parameter of water with the value of quality standards based on the Bali Governor Regulation Number  08 of 2007, while the definition of the status of water quality was done by the pollution index method. The results showed that the activities that affect the water quality physically, chemically and biologically at the upstream to downstream are farming activities, settlements, tourism and trade. In the upstream showed no parameters that exceeded the quality standards, the variables of BOD, COD, phosphate, fecal coli and total coli exceeded the quality standards and in the downstream,  the BOD, fosfat and  fecal coli exceeded the quality standards. The pollution index found in the upstream region good condition, whereas in the middle was classified as heavily polluted until the downstream  was lightly polluted.

This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity and fruits quality of the "Jeruk Bali" cultivars grown in Bali. This research was conducted in all regencies and city in Bali, during 2016. Furthermore, several cultivars of “Jeruk Bali” were genetically analyzed based on RAPD markers using 10 primers. Analysis of the quality of fruit is based on physical properties and chemical content. Eighteen cultivars of "Jeruk Bali" obtained have a fruit morphological character with round, short round, and piriform fruit shapes, which are red, pink, cream and white flesh color. RAPD analysis results at 53% similarity level are grouped into 5 groups. The first group was only one cultivar, the second group consisted of 13 cultivars, the third and fourth groups were only one cultivar, while the fifth group consisted of two cultivars. The analysis of the diversity between cultivars based on the combination of physical and chemical properties of the fruit with hierarchy method on similarity level about 85% in a group is obtained by 4 (four) groups. Groupings by combination of physical and chemical properties of the fruit are not synchronized in their entirety with dendograms based on their genetic diversity. This illustrates the physico-chemical properties of “Jeruk Bali” fruit in general is not fully genetical expressed, but also influenced by conditions of environmental growth.

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