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Remote sensing data of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis for 13 years have been used to observe the spatial patterns relationship of rainfall with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) over Indonesia. Linear correlation was measured to determine the relationship level by the restriction analysis of seasonal and monthly relationship, while the partial correlation technique was utilized to distinguish the impact of one phenomenon from that of the other. Application of remote sensing data can reveal an interaction of spatial-temporal relationship of rainfall with ENSO and IOD between land and sea. In general, the temporal patterns relationship of rainfall with ENSO confirmed fairly similar temporal patterns between rainfall with IOD, which is high response during JJA (June-July-August) and SON (September-October-November) and unclear response during DJF (December-January-February) and MAM (March-April-May). Spatial patterns relationship of both phenomena with rainfall is high in the southeastern part of Sumatra Island and Java Island during JJA and SON. During the SON season, IOD has a higher relationship level than ENSO in this part. In the spatial-temporal pattern seen, a dynamic movement of the relationship between IOD and ENSO with rainfall in Indonesia is indicated, where the influence of ENSO and IOD started during JJA especially in July in the southwest of Indonesia and ended in the DJF period especially in January in the northeast of Indonesia.

Physical and cultural conditions are fundamental factors in creating the formation of a terraced agricultural landscape. Studying the formation of terraced landscape is essential in order to understand the interaction between human activities and the natural processes that can be used to strengthen the adaptive capability in response to climate change and environment control. Terraced agricultural landscape in Batukaru Mountain's slope was selected as one of major terraced rice landscapes in Bali. The spatial pattern distribution and characteristics of landscapes were investigated using geographical information system, and the indigenous knowledge mechanism behinds the sustainability was discussed physically and culturally. The results showed that the harmony between the vertical pattern of the landscape, shape of terrace, irrigation system and conservative vegetative landscape along the steep slope and high elevation has protected the landscape. The controlled irrigation system has assured water to flow from the top to the bottom and even to places that seem impossible to reach by natural river water. The intangible agricultural indigenous concept called Tri Hita Karana was adhered to in organizing the layout of landscape elements such as forest, temple, terraced paddy field, irrigation network, and settlement which will continue to affect the sustainability throughout years.

Sistem manajemen mutu dan kemanan pangan yang diterapkan saat ini adalah HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point).Faktor penunjang yang menjadi pra-syarat keefektifan penerapan HACCP sebagai sebuah sistem pengendalian mutu adalah terpenuhinya persyaratan kelayakan dasar (GMP dan SSOP).Untuk itu perlu diketahui tingkat penerapan kelayakan dasar (GMP dan SSOP), tingkat penerapan HACCP serta strategi penerapan HACCP.Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode cross sectional. untuk mengetahui tingkat penerapan kelayakan dasar (GMP dan SSOP) serta tingkat penerapan HACCP adalah berdasarkan pada jumlah penyimpangan minor, mayor, serius dan kritis.Penentuan strategi penerapan HACCP dengan menggunakan matrik analisis SWOT. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat penerapan kelayakan dasar dan tingkat penerapan HACCP pada 15 unit pengolahan ikan yaitu, terdapat 9 unit pengolahan ikan dengan klasifikasi tingkat A (baik sekali) dan 6 unit pengolahan ikan dengan klasifikasi tingkat B (baik).Strategi penerapan HACCP pada proses pengolahan produk ikan tuna beku di unit pengolahan ikan Pelabuhan Benoa-Bali yaitu strategi untuk meningkatkan jaminan mutu dan keamanan pangan serta kualitas lingkungan di lokasi penelitian. Artinya unit pengolahan ikan dilokasi penelitian harus menjaga dan mempertahankan posisi yang berada dalam kondisi yang baik serta melakukan perbaikan-perbaikan internal, baik yang menyangkut bidang produksi, kelembagaan serta pengelolaan lingkungan.Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa unit pengolahan ikan pada lokasi penelitian di Pelabuhan Benoa telah menerapkan kelayakan dasar (GMP dan SSOP) serta penerapan HACCP dengan baik. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat dipakai sebagai dasar penelitian lebih lanjut untuk jaminan mutu dan keamanan pangan serta kualitas lingkungan perairan pantai di Pelabuhan Benoa.

Rainfall is one of main causes of floods. Monitoring of the rainfall is essential for understanding flood mechanism and early warning. Ground-based rain gauge is a conventional device to measure rainfall amount and considered as a point measurement. Satellite-based rainfall estimates provides complement measurement over wide area having few or even no in situ data. This study evaluates rainfall intensity variation and patterns preceding flood events in Indonesia for the period of 2003-2010 using the GSMaP_MVK satellite-based rainfall product with one hour and 0.1o x 0.1o resolutions and rain gauge station data as a benchmark. The analysed data are 3-hourly average and daily accumulation time steps. The chosen research locations were Medan City, Pekanbaru City, Indragiri Hulu Regency, Samarinda City and Manado City. Graphical comparisons of the GSMaP_MVK with the rain gauge data show discrepancies in capturing rainfall events and intensity. The GSMaP_MVK performs underestimation for the most areas, except Samarinda City, which is overestimated. Short-term period rainfall pattern is the most frequent occurred preceding flood events for the entire study areas which indicate that the areas are more susceptible to flash floods and river overflows. Overall, the GSMaP_MVK product provides promising potentiality for the application of monitoring rainfall conditions preceding flood events over the research locations. Statistical verifications reveal that on average, correlation coefficients are (0.22-0.54) and (0.65-0.83) for 3-hourly and daily scale, respectively. While, probability of rain detections (PODs) are (0.57-0.75) and (0.93-0.99), accordingly.

This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity and fruits quality of the "Jeruk Bali" cultivars grown in Bali. This research was conducted in all regencies and city in Bali, during 2016. Furthermore, several cultivars of “Jeruk Bali” were genetically analyzed based on RAPD markers using 10 primers. Analysis of the quality of fruit is based on physical properties and chemical content. Eighteen cultivars of "Jeruk Bali" obtained have a fruit morphological character with round, short round, and piriform fruit shapes, which are red, pink, cream and white flesh color. RAPD analysis results at 53% similarity level are grouped into 5 groups. The first group was only one cultivar, the second group consisted of 13 cultivars, the third and fourth groups were only one cultivar, while the fifth group consisted of two cultivars. The analysis of the diversity between cultivars based on the combination of physical and chemical properties of the fruit with hierarchy method on similarity level about 85% in a group is obtained by 4 (four) groups. Groupings by combination of physical and chemical properties of the fruit are not synchronized in their entirety with dendograms based on their genetic diversity. This illustrates the physico-chemical properties of “Jeruk Bali” fruit in general is not fully genetical expressed, but also influenced by conditions of environmental growth.

As a regional income barn, the Nusa Penida Tourism Area needs to be managed comprehensively by involving all available resources, by encouraging new thinking about managing tourism that synergizes with environmental sustainability in the sustainable environment of the Nusa Penida Tourism Area. Tourism can increase economic growth but create a burden on the environment, so that Nusa Penida tourism becomes environmentally friendly tourism to support the development of green tourism. Progress in tourism impacts the environment, causes social and cultural changes in society and impacts the carrying capacity of land and water from the massive tourism development in Nusa Penida. For this reason, it is necessary to formulate a model of environmental management that is relevant and has been developed.This study uses a systems approach with the Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) method to formulate an environmental management model in the Nusa Penida Tourism Area. This method can be used to help a group, in identifying contextual relationships between sub elements of each element that forms a system based on ideas / structures or determinants in a complex problem (Saxena, 1992).The environmental management model in the Nusa Penida was formed based on government initiatives by involving all stakeholders as representatives of the Nusa Penida community and involving other elements such as non-government organizations and universities. In the management of the environment, institutional arrangements that specifically handle the environment and tourism of Nusa Penida must be formed with the government as the initiator and formed in a participatory manner. The recommended model of environmental management needs to be applied carefully and continued with the formation of institutions by involving the affected community sectors in Nusa Penida's environmental management and tourism.Keywords: tourism, model, management, environment, Nusa Penida

One of the problem in the development of Bali tourism is declining carrying capacity supporting tourism resources, especially water. In the past, rural areas have never experienced a lack of water, by which presently facing a water crisis. This condition corresponds to the higher intensity of exploitation of water resources as a result of tourism development. The rapid development of business on accommodation facilities in North Kuta District is potential to accupy rice paddy and water resources. If this development is not properly controlled can cause negative impacts not only on the existence of the fields, but also for the potential of water resources. Tourism is significantly depend on adequacy of water resources to be able to function properly, thus in case of a water crisis in the tourist areas of Bali in particular, then sooner or later will create the economic crisis and the crisis of tourism. The research was located in North Kuta District aimed to know the impacts of the development of the tourism on water resources potential. In order to understand the impact on water resources used geography disciplines approach, and applying survey research methods. Tourism development is determined by the interpretation of Quickbird imagery in a different location. Carrying capacity of water resources is determined by using the guidelines of Per Men LH. No. 17 year 2009. Impact of tourism development on water resources was determined using comparative analysis of surface water and groundwater, both an quantity and quality. There were two patterns of land use change in North Kuta District, namely from the rice fields to tourist accommodation and from the dryland/orchard land, to tourist accommodation. Changes from rice field for about 16 years (1992-2008) in North Kuta District was 1,218.44 Ha. Carrying capacity of water resources was considered deficit at all village in North Kuta District. Development of tourism, especially tourism accommodation has changed land cover in an resulting increase in coefficient of flow, so that more rain water flowing on the surface than into the ground water as a reserve. Development of tourism in the Northern District of Kuta had a negative impact on potential water resources both quantity and quality. On quantity aspect, an increase in runoff discharge 3,255 lt/sec/year and declined of the water table resulting in resources from shallow groundwater to deep groundwater in. On quality, water resources have indication of pollution and salinity content in groundwater has reached at a distance of about 3 km from the beach, as an indication of the occurrence of seawater intrusion.