Pragmatic transfer, an emerging part of interlanguage pragmatics (ILP), has been receiving serious attention from applied linguists currently. This study was aimed at investigating pragmatic errors and pragmatic transfer learners made and effect of second language (L2) proficiency to their pragmatic transfer. Eighteen students of Darmasiswa who have been learning Indonesian language and culture form Bali State Polytechnic (PNB) and from Teacher Training Institute of Saraswati Tabanan, Bali, Indonesia were involved as research participants. Discourse completion test (DCT) consisting of nine situations designed with sociocultural aspect of power, distance, and rank of imposition (PDR) was used to elicit data of refusal strategies. The data were analysed to see pragmatic errors, pragmatic transfer, and effect of L2 proficiency on participants’ pragmatic transfer. Result of analysis revealed that learners’ pragmatic competence was still low. They were pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic errors made dealing with Indonesian noun phrase (NP) structure, the use of verb, noun, prepositions which are very different from English patterns. Moreover, pragmatic transfer was frequently made due to learners’ shortage of L2 pragmatic proficiency and learners’ L1 cultural knowledge. In addition, learners’ pragmatic transfer was found to be strongly influenced by learners’ L2 proficiency.

Abstract.There have been a number of ideas on how task-based language teaching (TBLT) is applied in English instruction. This research attempted to investigate how the task-based language teaching (TBLT) should appropriately be implemented in vocational college. A group of twenty eight students majoring in tourism were involved as research participant. Prior to treatment, they were given pre-test (T1) to see their basic level. The test, assessment rubric, learning materials, and learning syntax were developed and validated by an expert judge prior to their use. The treatment using task-based learning materials and learning syntax stages of "leading in -enriching -activating -naturalizing" (LEAN) was undertaken for three times. The post test (T2) was then given two days upon treatment to avoid their being able to answer the test because they just still remember of the materials during the learning. The analysis result of T1 and T2 using paired sample t-test showed that there was significant difference between means of T1 (M=6.14) and T2 (M=15.46), indicated by t (27) = -54.51, p < .05. Further development is recommended to use other English for specific purposes' materials and different research participant.

No abstract

Even though a dictionary is said to be more important to be used while students are reading and writing than speaking, but its existence among learners is undebatable. This need becomes much greater when learners are faced with specific terms in certain sciences, such as the science of Financial Accounting. This study aims to determine the students’ perceptions of the existence of the Bilingual Dictionary of Financial Accounting Terminology, entitled: Kamus Istilah Dwibahasa Akuntansi Keuangan. A questionnaire consisting of 17 questions was distributed to 28 students of a bilingual class in the Accounting Department of a state higher education institution in Bali. The questionnaire was distributed in the form of Google Form, while the dictionary that had been planned given in printed version, finally given in the form of a simple e-Dictionary, due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The results of the questionnaire obtained were then analyzed to determine students’ perceptions of this bilingual dictionary. It is found that students were very happy with the existence of this dictionary. This can be seen from the positive responses given to almost all statements raised, which involved 3 aspects, namely: dictionary design, dictionary content, and mechanical aspects, i.e.: matters related to writing, structure, and spelling. Furthermore, the result also shows that the dictionary is able to give bits of help in the students’ learning processes and to motivate students to be more creative in using vocabulary, especially the financial accounting terminology.

This study aimed at investigating effectiveness of Learning Centre (LC) to improve Darmasiswa students' Indonesian competence. LC was designed as a site where students were able to learn grammar of Indonesian autonomously. It was developed as students found it difficult to study grammar in cooperation with language skills in the class. Thus, they required an exclusive and discrete grammar lesson. The research participants involved nine foreign students of Darmasiswa program. The participants were trained on LC program and given chance to study grammar individually. To measure its effectiveness, two tests were applied, pre-test and post-test. Treatment in LC was done ten times. Result of both tests were compared and analyzed. The test and LC materials were developed and validated by an expert judge before their use. The materials were taken from books used for formal class lesson. The result of measurement fostered that LC with self-directed learning was effective to improve learners' Indonesian language competence. This indicates that autonomous learning is worth practicing to promote students' noticing.