In the 21 st century, sensors have become common and part of everyday life. Such as touch-sensitive cell phones, computer monitors, elevator buttons, lamps that automatically dim or brighten, and even cars that park themselves. In addition, there are many applications of sensors that are hidden but control many facets of modern life such as in cars, airplanes, medical imaging, satellite communications and navigation. This research effort examines three sensor types, their data, and how to integrate it with a single microcontroller to accomplish simple tasks-dimming a light, sounding an alarm and showing a temperature rise. Three sensor types were used in this effort. First, an ultrasonic sensor was used to measure the distance from an object. A temperature sensor was used for monitoring temperature change from a human touch. Third, a Light Depending Resistor (LDR) sensor was used to detect different levels of light in a room. The goal of this research was to make a smart device that can be used to solve simple problems. Further applications could be applied to perform tasks such as controlling the temperature of a room or controlling the level of water in a meter. Also, robotics could be improved by providing information about distance to an object. Many applications can be enhanced based on this research.
The article discusses the selection of cables for power lines connecting wind turbine generators at the wind power plant. The screen cross-section of these cables should be selected considering the value of the screen current at double line-to-earth fault. To calculate this current, the dimensions of the cable should be known. However, these parameters are hidden and cannot be used during designing. Therefore, a highly simplified method is currently used in practice. It is shown that the errors from the highly simplified method are up to 33%. Authors propose a simplified method based on open data of cable manufacturers. The proposed method is compared with simulation results of a common model of cable power line and takes into account self and mutual inductances of the cores and screens. It is shown that the error of the proposed method is smaller than 4.0% for real cable power lines at wind power plants. However, for a long section of cable power line (2.5 km) the error of calculation might increase up to 6.3%. This allows us to use the proposed method for designing. In addition, the authors show how the results of the highly simplified method can be corrected to improve accuracy.
An energy audit was conducted on a university building located within the main campus of Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Melaka, Malaysia. Some of the physical parameters particularly energy consumption, air velocity, airflow, operating temperature, relative humidity and lighting intensity were compared to the Malaysian Standards 1525:2014. This work aims at understanding the comfort level of the occupants and investigates the impact of lighting changes to the overall energy consumption. Based on the data collected, the team could estimate the current energy consumption for all floors. As expected, the air conditioning recorded the highest rate consumption at 72% of electricity usage in the building, followed by the consumption of lighting at 18% and other equipment only 10%. The average operating temperature was recorded at 22.758°C, which is less than that of the recommended range of 24°C - 26°C The average humidity was about 68.31% while the average lighting intensity was recorded at 461.422 lux. Additionally, the Building Energy Index (BEI) for the 2016-2017 period is 128.53 kWh/m²/year and 137.55 kWh/m²/year for 2017/2018. BEI values in 2017-2018 were a little higher than that specified in MS 1525:2014 Standards, which is 135 kWh/m²/year.
Temperature transducers are commonly used to monitor process parameters that are controlled by various types of industrial controllers. The purpose of this study is to design and model a simple microcontroller-based acoustic temperature transducer based on the variations of resonance conditions in a cylindrical resonance tube. The transducer’s operation is based on the generation of an acoustic standing wave in the free resonance mode of generation within a cylindrical resonance tube which is converted into a train of pulses using Schmitt trigger circuit. The frequency of the generated standing wave (i.e., the train of pulses) is measured by the Arduino Uno microcontroller, where a digital pin is used to acquire pulses that are counted using a build-in software function in an Arduino IDE environment. Experimental results are performed for three sizes of diameters to investigate the effect of the diameter of resonance tube on the obtained results. The maximum nonlinearity error according to Full-Scale Deflection (FSD) is about 2.3 percent, and the relative error of the transducer is evaluated using experimental findings and the regression model. The circuit simplicity and design of the suggested transducer, as well as the linearity of its measurements, are notable.
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