In the 21 st century, sensors have become common and part of everyday life. Such as touch-sensitive cell phones, computer monitors, elevator buttons, lamps that automatically dim or brighten, and even cars that park themselves. In addition, there are many applications of sensors that are hidden but control many facets of modern life such as in cars, airplanes, medical imaging, satellite communications and navigation. This research effort examines three sensor types, their data, and how to integrate it with a single microcontroller to accomplish simple tasks-dimming a light, sounding an alarm and showing a temperature rise. Three sensor types were used in this effort. First, an ultrasonic sensor was used to measure the distance from an object. A temperature sensor was used for monitoring temperature change from a human touch. Third, a Light Depending Resistor (LDR) sensor was used to detect different levels of light in a room. The goal of this research was to make a smart device that can be used to solve simple problems. Further applications could be applied to perform tasks such as controlling the temperature of a room or controlling the level of water in a meter. Also, robotics could be improved by providing information about distance to an object. Many applications can be enhanced based on this research.
The application of high voltage (HVDC) transmission for integrating large scale and/or offshore wind generation systems with the electric grid is attractive in comparison to extra high voltage AC transmission systems due to a variety of reasons. A suitable control system is required for a VSC-HVDC system that provides good performance across a range of operating conditions. Two strategies are studied for their potential to enhance system robustness. The d-axis current control and DC power control are implemented in the outer-loop control at the receiving end of VSC-HVDC system. Small-signal analytical model is used to perform eigenvalues analysis and to design controllers. Both control techniques are investigated and the results are compared. An additional DC voltage droop control is added for both schemes. Its advantages were investigated. The droop gain and the cut off frequency of the DC voltage feedback filter are selected by analyzing the root locus of the analytical model to select the optimum values. It is established that d-axis current control with DC voltage droop control shows better performance practically for very weak AC system at both ends as well as with very long DC cable. The simulation results performed on PSCAD/EMTDC verify the feasibility of the control strategies effectively under different scenarios in order to confirm the obtained conclusions from analytical investigations.
DC grids based on VSC-HVDC could be a competitive and an attractive option for many applications such as renewable energy interconnection or for power supply to large metropolitan areas for many reasons. A detailed 121 st order multiple-input multiple output small-signal dynamic model of a DC grid network is presented in this paper. It contains control systems, and detailed representations of the AC and DC side. Aspects such as DC voltage droop control, the cut off frequency of the DC voltage feedback filters are discussed in detail. An eigenvalues stability study is used to find the optimum values of the droop gains and the cut off frequency of the DC voltage feedback filters. The model accuracy is verified using detailed PSCAD simulation. Testing on the detailed simulator PSCAD/EMTDC is carried out all over to validate the conclusions that obtained from analytical studies.
In this work, designing a system that controls a non-uniform antenna array will be attempted. This system will reconfigure the antenna array to find the position and orientation that produce the maximum objective (directivity). To create such a system, we will assume that we have N vehicles carrying antennas. These vehicles will be in 1D, 2D, and 3D spaces (e.g., quad-copters). Each vehicle with its antenna has five degrees of freedom. The five degrees are as follows, three degrees for the position of the vehicle (x, y, z), and two for the orientation of the antenna (θ, φ). The system should be able to test every possible value for these five parameters to dynamically choose the position and orientation that maximize the directivity. By measuring the performance function value online, a sequence, generated by three Extremum Seeking Control (ESC) algorithms that are compared in this work, guides the regulator that drives the state of system to a set point that optimizes the performance function. This approach develops a novel method to achieve reconfigurable antenna arrays, by defining an objective function to be optimized on-line using three different ESC methods: (a) Perturbation-based Extremum Seeking Control (PESC), (b) Numerical Optimization-based Extremum Seeking Control Using Direct Search (NOESC-DS), and (c) Numerical Optimization-based
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