No abstract

Brassicaceae is one of the biggest family which have thousands of species all around the world. In order to use wild mustard in a breeding process, their genetic kinship levels must be defined. Inter simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) are one of the common markers to evaluate genetic diversity. Here, 28 mustard genotypes representing four taxa, 17 of Brassica juncea, 2 of B. nigra, 2 of B. rapa, and 7 of B. arvensis, were investigated with seven ISSR primers. Totally, 160 bands were scored out of which 88.75% showed polymorphism. The polymorphism information content (PIC) varied from 0.25 to 0.40. The average heterozygosity (), multiplex ratio (), marker index (), and resolving power () were calculated as 0.33, 9.07, 2.99, and 8.29, respectively. STRUCTURE (v. 2.3.4) analysis unraveled two subpopulations (K=2). The dendrogram, constructed based on Jaccard similarity coefficient using the Unweighted Pair Group Average (UPGMA), in which, the first branch consisted of B. juncea, B. nigra and B. rapa, and the second branch consisted of B. arvensis, supported the results of STRUCTURE analysis. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) analysis supported the dendrogram and clearly separated the four taxa. This study showed that ISSRs would be useful to determine the genetic diversity in the Brassicaceae family.

Çalışmada bir iyonize radyasyon kaynağı olan Cs 137 kaynağı kullanılarak aspir çeşitlerinin tohumlarına 200,300,400,500,600 Gy dozda gama ışını uygulanmıştır. Çalışmalar Tesadüf Parselleri Deneme Desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Çalışmalarda ışınlanmamış tohumlara da aynı zamanda uygulamalar yapılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen verilerle çeşitlerin ayrı ayrı varyans analizi yapılmıştır. Aspir çeşitlerinin rejenerasyon kapasitesine gama ışınlarının etkisini gözlemlemek için farklı doz ve kombinasyonlarda besin ortamları denenmiştir. Çeşitlere göre kullanılan besin ortamındaki hormon dozlarında farklılıklar olmuştur. Temel besin ortamı olarak Murashige and Skoog (MS) ortamı kullanılmıştır. Denemeler sonucunda; Remzibey çeşidinde 4 mg/L TDZ ve 0.2 mg/L NAA, Dinçer çeşidinde 1 mg/L TDZ ve Shifa aspir çeşidinde ise 2 mg/L NAA ve 2 mg/L BAP içeren MS besin ortamlarında adventif sürgün rejenerasyonunun arttığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Bunun yanısıra her üç çeşitte farklı eksplant tipleri denenmiş ve en iyi sonuçları verenler sırasıyla hipokotil ve sürgün ucu eksplantları olmuştur. Çalışmada kullanılan eksplant tiplerinin verdiği cevaplar ışın dozuna ve genotipe bağlı olarak değişim göstermiştir. Kullanılan eksplant tipine göre kallus oluşumlarında yapısal değişiklikler meydana gelmiştir. Kallusların oluşumu üzerinde meydana gelen bu yapısal farklılıklar sürgün oluşumunu etkilemiştir. Bu sonuçlar canlılık değerlerine yansımıştır. Çalışmada genel anlamda direk olarak elde edilen sürgünlerden gelişen bitkiler daha hızlı sonuç vermiştir. Yapılan çalışmalardaki veriler incelendiğinde genetik çeşitlilikler ve mutagen dozlara bağlı olarak gelişen değişimler en fazla 300-400 Gy dozlarında ortaya çıkmıştır. Mutagen uygulamaların in vitro da tepkisini ölçmek amacıyla yapılan bu çalışmada adventif sürgün rejenerasyonu üzerine olumlu etkiler elde edilmiştir. Bu verilerden yola çıkarak genetik varyasyonu ve somaklonal çeşitliliği ortaya çıkarmak için ıslaha yardımcı olarak doku kültürü tekniklerinden de faydalanılacağı açıkça görülmüştür.

The ancient wheat varieties have been ignored due to efforts to increase the yield of modern wheat. In recent years, interest in ancient wheat has increased for various reasons. This study aimed to characterize the ancient Anatolian wheat Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum (Kavilca) from Kars, Türkiye and to compare it with modern bread wheat Triticum aestivum in terms of quality parameters, mineral and fatty acid profile, total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (TAA). Quality parameters were conducted with standardized methods. Mineral and fatty acid profiles were determined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and gas chromatography, respectively. Spectrophotometric methods were used to determine TFC and TAA. Triangular test and Quantitative Descriptive Profile method were applied for sensory analyses. Novel findings of this study were low gluten quality (p < 0.05), low Al content (2.85–5.16 mg/kg dw, p < 0.05), and high TFC (3.65 mg RE/g dw, p < 0.05) of Kavilca along with similar overall liking sensory score (p > 0.05) compared to modern bread. There was a strong sensory difference with a 99.9% probability between modern and 15% Kavilca added bread. Characterization and especially, sensory analysis results might be a reference for the food industry to integrate Kavilca into several bakery products.

Haploid plant production is of great importance to shorten the breeding period in plant breeding programs. Obtaining pure lines in plant growing programs require an intensive work with huge labor and time. Obtaining one hundred percent homozy-gous pure lines is a key point for the improvement and development of new cultivars. Haploid plants with a single set of homozygous chromosomes have become a valua-ble tool in plant breeding. Dihaploid plants that are homozygous at all loci with dou-bling of their chromosomes can be propagated by seed and reach full homozygosity in a single generation. Traditional methods take seven years to reach homozygosity. Dihaploidization methods provide significant advantages in terms of gaining homo-zygosity in a short period of one year and bringing pure lines into agriculture. Anther culture and irradiated pollen technique are among the most widely used techniques in this respect; where physical or chemical agents are used to induce mutated pollen grains and anthers that are subsequently employed to develop dihaploids through in vitro cultures. These techniques are a good source to facilitate gene mapping, cyto-genetic research, and evolutionary studies. Irradiated pollen culture techniques have been applied to many oilseed crops to obtain pure lines. This study highlights some salient features of producing dihaploids using irradiated pollen grains and their maintenance.

The research was carried out with the ionizing radiation source Cobalt 60 (Co-60) at a dosage of 200, 300, 400, 500 Gy on three safflower varieties. According to the results of the research, in M1 plants; in parallel with the increase in gamma dosages, a certain decrease occurred in plant height, number of branches per plant, number of trays per plant, diameter of the tray, number of seeds per tray, seed yield per plant, and seed vitality. In field observations taken from M2 plants, significant diversity was observed. In M2 plants, significant reductions in emergence rate were observed in all three cultivars depending on the increase in dosages. In all three safflower cultivars, plant height, tray diameter, number of seeds per tray and thousand seed weight values increased compared to control plants in parallel with the increase in dosages. Significant mutations were observed in the 200-400 Gy dosage range in all three cultivars. In M1 plants, when the seed yield per plant and the rate of viability were examined, a certain level of decrease was observed in parallel with the increase in gamma dosages. In M2 plants, in parallel with the dosage increase in all cultivars, the tray diameter values increased compared to the control. Again, in all cultivars, while the diameter of the tray decreased in M1, it increased in M2 in general and increases were observed at low gamma dosages. In M2, dosages of 300-400 Gy also increased in the criteria examined compared to the control and had a stimulating effect. The investigated properties generally decreased in M1 depending on the dosage increase, while there were fluctuations in M2. As a result, the variation created by the radiation and the real effect of the mutation applications emerged after M2. In this study, while the averages of Dinçer and Remzibey cultivars in terms of viability in M1 were almost the same, Shifa cultivar gave more successful results in terms of viability. When the values obtained in the study were examined, it was concluded that genetic variations and changes occurred at dosages of 300-400 Gy at most.