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The current-fed dual active bridge (CF-DAB) dc-dc converter gains growing applications in photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage systems due to its advantages, e.g., a wide input voltage range, a high step-up ratio, a low input current ripple, and a multiport interface capability. In addition, the direct input current controllability and extra control freedom of the CF-DAB converter make it possible to buffer the double-line-frequency energy in gridinteractive PV systems without using electrolytic capacitors in the dc link. Therefore, a PV system achieves high reliability and highly efficient maximum power point tracking. This paper studies the optimized operation of a CF-DAB converter for a PV application in order to improve the system efficiency. The operating principle and soft-switching conditions over the wide operating range are thoroughly analyzed with phase-shift control and duty-cycle control, and an optimized operating mode is proposed to achieve the minimum root-mean-square transformer current. The proposed operating mode can extend the soft-switching region and reduce the power loss, particularly under a heavy load and a high input voltage. Moreover, the efficiency can be further improved with a higher dc-link voltage. A 5-kW hardware prototype was built in the laboratory, and experimental results are provided for verification. This paper provides a design guideline for the CF-DAB converter applied to PV systems, as well as other applications with a wide input voltage variation.Index Terms-Current-fed dual active bridge (CF-DAB), optimized operation, photovoltaic (PV), root-mean-square (RMS) current, soft switching. I. INTRODUCTIOND UAL active bridge (DAB) dc-dc converters have been popular for various applications over the past two decades due to the advantages of high-frequency galvanic isolation, Manuscript

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to 2008, he was a NSERC Postgraduate (Doctor) scholar at the University of New Brunswick. Since 2009, he has been with Siemens Corporate Technology in USA as a power electronics manager. His current research interests include multilevel topologies and controls for utility and industry applications.

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