Introduction. The emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium strains has increased the need for safe, alternative therapies from natural sources with antibacterial properties. Hypothesis/Gap Statement. There are no published data regarding the use of chitosan propolis nanocomposite (CPNP) either alone or in combination with antibiotics as antimicrobials against S. Typhimurium, especially in Egypt. Aim. This study evaluated the antibacterial activities of five antimicrobials [apramycin, propolis, chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs), chitosan propolis nanocomposite (CPNP) and CPNP +apramycin] against ten virulent and multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. Typhimurium field strains recovered from diarrheic rabbits through in vitro and in vivo study. Methodology. The expression levels of three virulence genes of S. Typhimurium strains were determined by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) after exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of apramycin, propolis, CNPs, CPNP alone, and CPNP +apramycin. Additionally, 90 New Zealand rabbits were divided into control and experimentally S. Typhimurium-infected groups. The infected rabbits were orally administered saline solution (infected–untreated); 10 mg apramycin/kg (infected–apramycin-treated); 50 mg propolis/kg (infected–propolis-treated); 15 mg CPNP/kg (infected–CPNP-treated) and 15 mg CPNP +10 mg apramycin/kg (infected–CPNP +apramycin-treated) for 5 days. Results. The RT-qPCR analysis revealed different degrees of downregulation of all screened genes. Furthermore, the treatment of infected rabbits with CPNP or CPNP +apramycin significantly improved performance parameters, and total bacterial and Salmonella species counts, while also modulating both oxidative stress and altered liver and kidney parameters. Conclusion. This work demonstrates the use of CPNP alone or in combination with apramycin in the treatment of S. Typhimurium in rabbits.

Pharmacokinetics Doxycycline dose HPLC African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) aquaculture has experienced widespread production and has lately gained considerable interest in Egypt. Doxycycline (DOX) is used to control certain common fish's bacterial diseases, such as Septicemia, Fin rot, Columnaris, and Tail Rot. Therefore, our experiment was conducted to assess the pharmacokinetic properties of single doxycycline dose (20 mg/kg BW) orally administered in the African catfish. DOX plasma levels were measured using HPLC with a limit of detection nearly 0.035 µg/ ml, and then were undergoing compartmental analysis; a onecompartment model was detected. The doubled-peak phenomenon was identified after oral administration and the 1 st peak concentration (C max1) and the 2 nd peak concentration (C max2) in plasma were 2.29±0.46 and 1.68±0.33µg/mL at 1 st and 8 th h respectively, the absorption half-life (t 1/2ka) was 0.045 h, the elimination half-life (t 1/2ke) was 5.81 h, systemic total body clearance (Cl) was 0.72 mL/h/kg, volume of distribution of the central compartment (V d /F) was 5.74±1.11 L. These findings suggested that DOX was to some extent rapidly absorbed, widely distributed, and slowly excreted; moreover, it could be subjected to enterohepatic recycling.

Recently, administration of nicotinamide (NA) in a suitable dose before STZ administration was used for experimental induction of type 2 diabetes in rats. Injection of NA leading to partial beta-cells protection from necrosis resulted from STZ injection (Lee et al., 2010). This model may give beneficial tool especially for new insulinotropic agents' investigations (Madkor et al., 2011). The commonly anti-diabetic drug formerly used is metformin. It is used to treat T2DM (Alshathly, 2019). On contrary, hundreds of conventional folk medicines have been used to treat diabetes with less side effects and tolerability. Thus, there is an increasing need to search for more natural antidiabetic agents from traditional medicine. Zingiber officinale belongs to the family Zingiberaceae, has staring impending for treating a number of ailments including DM, cardiovascular, and digestive disorders, vomiting, and cancer (Mashhadi et al., 2013), because it contains more chemical compounds, such as (6)-gingerol, α-zingiberene, phenolic compounds, essential oils, and oleoresin resins (Kondeti Ramudu et al., 2011). Nigella sativa of the family Ranunculaceae is infamous to have valuable effects in the handling of lots of diseases and this correlated to plentiful active components which have been isolated from seeds and its oil including dithy

L evofloxacin is a third-generation, strictly synthetic flouroquinolone antibiotic. It has bactericidal activity against a wide variety of bacteria that are gram positive (G+ve) and gram negative (G-ve) (Al-Soufi and Al-Rek-abi, 2019). The principal target of quinolones is DNA gyrase, an essential bacterial enzyme (Abdel-Alim et al., 2017). Several studies have recorded that the most common serious effects associated with fluoroquinolones are headache, diarrhea, oxidative stress, hemolytic anemia, liver and kidney cellular damages (Owens and Ambrose, 2005;

Bacterial pathogens are the most serious agents causing diseases in both wild and cultured fish resulted in massive mortalities and economic losses. Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS) is a prevalent bacterial disease caused by Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) that impacts freshwater fish. This research aimed to evaluate doxycycline (DOX) antibacterial activity against A. hydrophila both in vitro and in vivo. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and mutant prevention concentration (MPC) of DOX against A. hydrophila previously isolated from African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were determined to be 0.78µg/mL and 3.9μg/mL, respectively. For in vivo experiment, a total number of 80 apparently healthy African catfish, were distributed randomly into four equal groups. Group 1 (non-infected, non-treated) was kept as control, Group 2 (non-infected and treated) was non-infected and treated with 20 mg/Kg BW of DOX for 5 successive days in feed, Group 3 (infected) was inoculated intraperitoneally (IP) with A. hydrophila (2× 10 8 CFU/ mL) and Group 4 (infected and treated) was infected with A. hydrophila then treated with 20 mg DOX/Kg BW. Our results revealed 70% mortality in African catfish experimentally challenged with A. hydrophila (Group 3). Moreover, significant elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (89±16.26, 54.67±6.44, 36±5.29 U/L, respectively), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (195±7.64, 221.33±17.9, 211.33±12.72 U/L, respectively) and creatinine (0.68±0.098, 0.76±0.052, 0.58 ±0.023 mg/dL, respectively) was observed on 1 st , 7 th and 14 th days post treatment. While treatment of the infected fish (Group 4) with DOX decreased the mortality rate to 30 %, improved the clinical signs and significantly reduced serum ALT (30.67±6.01, 22.67±1.86 U/L, respectively) and AST (153±7.57, 147.67±6.7 U/L, respectively) on 7 th and 14 th days post treatment. Also, it significantly decreased creatinine (0.21±0.026, 0.25±0.047, 0.21±0.053 mg/dL, respectively) levels at 1 st , 7 th and 14 th days post treatment when compared with those of Group 3. The results showed that DOX could be used as an effective treatment against A. hydrophila infection in African catfish with little adverse effects.

No abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the immunomodulating effects of the ginger and thyme oils (250 mg/kg BW, each) given orally for 21 successive days to rabbits vaccinated with rabbit hemorrhagic viral disease (RHVD). Two blood samples were collected at the 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd , 7 tn , 14 th and 21 st days post drug and vaccine administration to study the effect of ginger and thyme oils on the innate immune response (phagocytic activity, serum lysozyme activity and nitric oxide production) and the humoral immune response (serum total proteins, determination of serum gamma globulins fraction using electrophoretic technique). The results revealed that ginger and thyme oils had immunostimulant effect on both the innate and humoral immune response as evidenced by significant increase in phagocytic activity, lysozyme activity, nitric oxide production, serum total proteins and gamma globulins in rabbits. Therefore, ginger oil and thyme oils are recommended as immunostimulant agents for rabbits in the dose of 250 mg/kg BW.

Fluoroquinolones are more likely than any other antibacterial drug classes to cause serious side effects. The purpose of this study is to assess the protective effects of vitamin E, curcumin, and ginger in male rats against the side effects of levofloxacin (LFX).Ninety male Wistar rats were placed into six groups, each of 15 animals. Groups 1 and 2 received distilled water or olive oil and kept as normal controls, while groups 3-6 received LFX [10 mg/kg body weight (BW)] alone or in combination with vitamin E (100 mg/kg BW.), curcumin (200 mg/kg BW.) or ginger (200 mg/kg BW.), respectively. All medications were administered orally via gavage once a day for 5 successive days. Samples of blood were collected at zero day , 7 th and 14 th day post-treatments for biochemical analysis, while liver and kidney tissues were dissected and subjected to antioxidants estimation. Levofloxacin administration caused hepatic and renal damage evidenced by significant increase in serum liver enzymes, urea (76.43±3.70, 72.67±0.47, 75.00±6.42), creatinine (2.48±0.01, 2.48±0.01, 2.50±0.01), total cholesterol (166. 67±6.81, 174.00±4.04, 176.00±2.88), triglycerides (269.67±5.84, 289.33± 4.91, 249.67±1.86), and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (243.00±7.09, 213.67± 5.03, 226.33±5.45) levels. Meanwhile, significant decline in serum levels of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (20. 00±1.11, 23.33±3.38, 20.10±1.53), total protein (5.77±0.03, 5.97±0.09, 5.87±0.09), albumin (3.45±0.03, 3.60±0.06, 3.57±0.09) and A/G ratio (1.49±0.02, 1.51±0.05, 1.55±0.09) were determined in relation to normal control at zero, 7 th and 14 th day post-treatments, respectively in a time dependent manner. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in the liver (1