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A BSTRACT Medical education is socially responsible for a global educational movement that transforms the development and presentation of medical schools in higher education. Therefore, in the present systematic review, we aimed to evaluate the impact of socially accountable health professional education. Published research articles were reviewed by searching the relevant terms invalid databases. In the initial search, 2340 records were obtained. At this stage, 1482 records were deleted due to duplication, and 773 records were removed due to indirect connection with the subject. Then, 85 articles were retrieved for full-text review. Finally, the complete review led to the selection of nine studies that met all inclusion criteria. Based on the results of the present systematic review, among the nine reviewed articles, four studies (44.44%) evaluated the effectiveness of social accountability on increasing the sense of empowerment, self-confidence, competencies such as teamwork, communication skills, and readiness for work. Three studies (33.333%) assessed the effectiveness of social accountability on providing further and better medical services and reducing infant mortality. Also, in two articles (22.22%), students’ lack of knowledge about social accountability was studied. Social accountability can help cultivate a healthy and skilled medical workforce and be effective in improving health services provided to the people. On the other hand, there are different perceptions and views on what social responsibility really is and how its effectiveness can be measured. Also, it is highly important to provide awareness in this regard for students.

Background: Neonatal jaundice is a common major problem; on the other hand, it is suggested that there is a correlation between plasma magnesium concentrations and hyperbilirubinemia during the neonatal period.Objectives: The study aims to validate a previously reported risk index for predicting the magnesium level of plasma for moderate to severe hyperbilirubinemia in infant neonates. Methods: A cross-sectional correlation study was performed on 93 term newborns with indirect hyperbilirubinemia admitted in neonatology unit of a children hospital and plasma magnesium level of moderate to severe Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia were determined, and statistical analysis was performed. Results: Authors did not find any statistically meaningful positive or negative correlation between plasma Mg level and bilirubin in patients studied; however, comparison of Mg level in two groups of severe and moderate hyperbilirubinemia showed decreased dispersion of medium Mg level in the severe group. Conclusions: Serum magnesium concentration is not useful in anticipation of which newborn infant will develop hyperbilirubinemia.

Introduction and Objective: The study of the methods of controlling labor pain is very important. One of the methods of pain relief is spinal anesthesia. Due to the different opinions about the effects of spinal anesthesia on the delivery process and maternal and fetal consequences, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of spinal anesthesia and compare it with normal vaginal delivery without spinal anesthesia. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, 120 mothers, who were admitted to the maternity ward of Firoozabadi Hospital for delivery, were examined. The patients who met the inclusion criteria were divided into two groups of 60 people, one group receiving spinal anesthesia and one without spinal anesthesia, and then, were evaluated in terms of clinical variables and complications of the mother and fetus. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Results: The mean age of the mothers was 26.6 ± 5.9 years. Five mothers (4.2%) who received spinal anesthesia underwent emergency cesarean section and a significant difference was shown between the two groups ( P = 0.02). The mean duration of the active phase of labor did not show a statistically significant difference between the two groups ( P = 0.2), but the duration of the second phase of labor was significantly longer in the mothers who received spinal anesthesia ( P = 0.008). Conclusion: Spinal anesthesia can be used as a low-complication method in vaginal delivery to reduce pain.

We report a 74-year-old male with a recent history of COVID-19 pneumonia who was admitted with acute periumbilical and left lower quadrant pain and respiratory distress. Laboratory data showed pre-renal azotemia and microscopic hematuria. An abdominopelvic computerized tomography (CT) scan with intravenous contrast was conducted, showing signs of right renal vein thrombosis (RVT) with extension to inferior vena cava (IVC), without any evidence of renal ischemia. The patient did not have any risk factors for thrombosis except for probable hypercoagulopathy due to COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus. He was not an appropriate candidate for surgical or radiologic thrombectomy, thus received heparin infusion accordingly. Unfortunately, he died after the cardiopulmonary arrest on the second day of admission. Considering his respiratory distress, we suspect pulmonary embolism as the most probable cause of death.

Introduction: Apart from the direct effect of COVID-19 on the incidence of ischemic heart disease, the pandemic effect of this infection on the control of ischemic heart disease and on the clinical consequences of these patients and also their hospital admission is also significant. Objectives: The present review attempted to assess the admission rate, treatment protocols, and outcome changes in patients suffering ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in the COVID-19 outbreak. Materials and Methods: The included studies were identified through electronically reviewing the manuscripts databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of knowledge, and Google Scholar from inception to September 2020. The titles and abstracts of the manuscripts were screened by two blinded reviewers followed by an in-depth assessment of the full texts for assigning the inclusion appropriateness. Results: Eighteen articles (including 6225 STEMI patients hospitalized within the COVID-19 pandemic duration and 55711 STEMI patients in pre-COVID-19 periods) were desirable for the final analysis. A longer delay among symptom onset and first medical contact (FMC) in the COVID-19 lockdown period than before the COVID-19 pandemic was revealed. Comparing STEMI-related death in the COVID-19 period compared to the pre-COVID-19 duration showed a significantly higher death rate and a higher rate of thrombolytic therapy. The examined pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 periods showed a reduction in STEMI patients’ admissions reached 30.9%. Additionally, entering the COVID-19 period resulted in a significant 44.4% reduction in the number of primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Conclusion: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the management of STEMI has undergone significant changes, including reduced hospital admissions, reduced invasive and semi-invasive treatment interventions, increased STEMI-related mortality, increased thrombolytic therapy, and delayed patients’ referral to the hospitals.

It is thought that an excessive motor cortical facilitation is involved in the physiopathology of chronic pain in fibromyalgia. Studies have shown that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) changes motor cortex excitability according to the stimulation polarity. Based on these effects, it is conceivable to hypothesize that tDCS, which can modulate brain activity, may induce pain relief in patients with fibromyalgia. Fifty older women with fibromyalgia were included in this randomized, doubleblind, single-center placebo-controlled trial study. Patients received sham stimulation or real tDCS with the anode centered over the primary motor cortex (M1) and the cathode over the contralateral supraorbital area (2 mA for 20 minutes for 10 sessions). Pain intensity was evaluated using the visual analog scale for pain. Assessments were done before treatment and 30 days after the last session of stimulations. The mean age of participants was 58.20 years (SD = 7.80) with an age range from 55 to 74 years.Results showed no statistically significant baseline difference among patients in demographics and clinical characteristics. Comparing visual pain analogue between the sham and treatment groups revealed a statistically significant difference (p value < 0.001) for VAS immediately after intervention and 1 month post intervention between the sham and treatment groups. Analysis of data also showed a significant reduction in pain immediately after intervention and one month post-intervention in the treatment group compared to the sham group. Anodal tDCS is an effective non-invasive technique for pain reduction in elderly women with FM. The clinical improvements observed in the current study may have considerable impacts on pain experienced by elderly women with FM.

BACKGROUND: In the general geriatric population, Geriatric syndromes (GSs) predict greater likelihood of hospitalization, increased health care use and cost. The present study aimed to compare GSs among young and elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).METHODS: In a cross-sectional study a total of 98 participants, including 65 elderly (≥60 years) and 33 young adult patients (<60 years) with RA who referred to the geriatric and rheumatologic clinic were enrolled. Patients were categorized into three groups (healthy elderly, n=27; elderly with RA, n=38; and young people with RA, n=33). GSs were assessed using mini-mental state exam (MMSE), five-item geriatric depression scale-15 (GDS-15), mini nutritional assessment (MNA), and asking patients about history of falls in the past year. The RA activity in patients was assessed using disease activity for rheumatoid arthritis score-28 (DAS-28) scale, serum ESR (mm/h) level.RESULTS: There was a statistically significant differences in terms of DAS-28 (2.23±1.01 vs. 0.64±0.97, P=0.025) and ESR (28.10±6.64 vs. 23.09±7.65 mm/h, P=0.042) between healthy elderly and RA elderly patients. Elderly patients with RA were significantly more prone to have cognitive impairment (P=0.002), fall (P=0.005), malnutrition (P<0.001), urinary incontinence (P<0.001), and functional disability (P=0.021) compared to healthy elderlies and young RA patients. The results of binary logistic regression revealed that in elderly RA patients, higher DAS-28 score [odds ratio (OR) = 1.96; 95% CI 1.03, 3.84; P=0.041] was an independent risk factors for the GSs.CONCLUSION: The prevalence of some features of GSs were higher in the elderly RA patients than healthy elderly and young RA patients.