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Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium muris oocysts were exposed to ozone and/or ultraviolet(UV) lamp in bench-scale batch reactors. The effect of ozone, UV, and sequential disinfection method on two kinds of oocysts were determined with in vitro excystation and animal infectivity test. The results of ozone exposure experiments showed that the required Ct values were about 3 and 8 mg · min./L for 2-log and 3-log reduction ininfectivity of C. parvum oocysts at room temperature, respectively. But larger values of Ct were needed at low temperature. In the case of sequential disinfection methods with ozone and UV, more than 1-log reduction in infectivity was achieved with 15 sec. of UV irradiation. There was no significant correlation between the excystation ratios and the reduction ratios in infectivity. Moreover, the results of dose-response of animal infectivity test indicated the possibility of a new method to evaluate the infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts.

Mucosal melanoma is a rare aggressive cancer with a very poor prognosis. Clinical and pathological characteristics of mucosal melanoma differ from those of cutaneous melanoma and there are no established management guidelines for mucosal melanoma. Complete surgical excision is one of the most effective treatments for localized lesions, while targeted therapies and immunotherapies, such as monoclonal antibodies that target cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated molecule-4, and the programmed death (PD)-1/PD-ligand 1 pathway inhibitors, are treatment options for unresectable or metastatic lesions. Here, we describe the case of a patient with oral mucosal melanoma with multiple metastases. In our case, local injection of interferon (IFN)-b with dacarbazine-nimustinevincristine therapy provided antitumor effects on an invasive tumor on the upper gingiva. Nivolumab therapy produced complete remission of lymph node and bone metastases. In contrast, the remaining in situ portion of oral mucosal melanoma on the hard palate was refractory to IFN-b monotherapy and nivolumab therapy. However, after administration of nivolumab, peritumoral injection of IFN-b showed rapid therapeutic effects. Our case suggested that nivolumab upregulated the antitumor effects of IFN-b, which induced the recruitment of CD8 + T cells into the tumor microenvironment contributing to the deletion of tumor cells. Combination therapy of IFN-b and nivolumab may be a potential treatment option for patients with oral mucosal melanoma.

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