Problem statement: Video watermarking is well known as the process of embedding copyright information in video bit streams. It had been proposed in recent years to solve the problem of illegal manipulation and distribution of digital video. Approach: In this study, an effective, robust and imperceptible video watermarking algorithm was proposed. This algorithm was based on a cascade of two powerful mathematical transforms; Discrete Wavelets Transform (DWT) and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). Two different transform domain techniques showed high level of complementary and different levels of robustness against the same attack will be achieved through their combination. Results: The proposed algorithm was tested against imperceptibility and robustness and excellent results were obtained. Conclusion: Experimental results demonstrate the robustness achieved by combining the two transforms.
BACKGROUNDThe sentinal node biopsy (SNB) is a reliable method for determining the status of the regional lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer. SNB technology is evolving rapidly, but no standardization has yet been accomplished. The aim of this study is to discuss the accuracy of this procedure and the optimal method for identifying micrometastases.METHODSWe collected data from 70 women with primary invasive breast carcinoma who underwent SNB for breast cancer. We examined two frozen sections levels from each half of each lymph node, as well as a cytology imprint before arriving at the frozen section diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry with pancytokeratin (AE1/AE3) was done on the paraffin sections. For the association between the lymph node size and the possibility of metastases, Student’s t test was used and a P value of less than 0.05 was regarded as significant.RESULTSThe number of patients with metastases in SNB was 19, from which 15 cases were correctly diagnosed in frozen sections/imprints and four cases were false negative. The axillary toilet from all cases with SNB metastases smaller than 2 mm showed no additional positive nodes. Lymph node diameter showed a significant association with sentinel node status (P<0.0001).CONCLUSIONFrozen section examination of SNB from patients with breast carcinoma is both specific (100%) and sensitive (79%). Diagnosis of lobular carcinoma can be difficult, and may require immunohistochemistry with cytokeratin for diagnosis. Small metastases in a non-optimal frozen section may be difficult to discern. Cytology imprints add nothing to the diagnosis.
The reverse osmosis (RO) technique is an effective method for producing potable water. It is commonly employed in water treatment facilities because of its lower cost and simplicity compared to other methods. The main challenge to the RO process is fouling, which leads to higher operating pressure, flux decline, and shortened membrane life. In this study, different simulated wastewater samples were used as feedwater to a lab-scale RO membrane system to investigate the effect of organic matter on the removal of heavy metals. In addition, the effect of individual salts, heavy metals, and oil on scaling formation was studied. Experimental data showed that when various pollutants were added to the feedwater, the permeate flux dropped from 142.86 LMH to 45.91 LMH, and the percentages of rejection for Na + , Ca + 2 , Mg + 2 , Cu + 2 , Cr + 3 , and oil were 96.56 %, 87.5 %, 95.5 %, 100 %, 100 %, and 99.96 %, respectively. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images showed a thin fouling layer that partially covered the membrane surface where the feedwater contained only NaCl salt. In contrast, it showed a thick layer of organic fouling that entirely covered the membrane surface when the feedwater contained all the other contaminants. Moreover, the Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) showed that when oil was added to the feedwater, numerous pores were plugged and the surface roughness of the fouled membrane was reduced to 0.91 nm. Overall, the findings showed that oil in the feedwater enhanced the removal percentages of salts and heavy metals because the removal efficiency exceeded 96 %. Furthermore, Cr + 3 and oil were observed to reduce the permeate flux by 43 % and 49 %, respectively.
Background: Thyroid nodule(s) is a common clinical problem, because of high risk of malignancy in some of these nodules it is mandatory to establish a thyroid scoring system for nodule characterization and subjecting the highly suspicious and sizable nodules to fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TIRADS) and thyroid strain elastography in the assessment of thyroid nodules and correlating the results with FNAC. Methods: This is a prospective study that includes 30 patients referred to the ultrasound unit in oncology teaching hospital, medical city, Baghdad, having anterior neck mass in thyroid gland location, during the period from the beginning of September 2018 to October 2019. Results: The thirty patients in the study sample consists of 25 females and 5 males, most of them are in the fourth decade (43%), the majority of detected thyroid nodules are either solid, isoechoic or hyperechoic in comparison to thyroid gland and hence had 3 points and scored as TIRADS 3, this was seen in 12 patients (40%), the least detected nodules are the highly suspicious one was irregular, with microcalcification, being very hypoechoic, given score 10 and by that categorized as TIRADS 5, this seen in 4 patients (13.3%), When we correlate the TIRADS scoring, elasto scoring and elasto ratio with FNAC results we found a significant correlation between the TIRADS score and FNAC with P value of 0.012, significant correlation also seen between the elasto scan and FNAC results P-value = 0.002475, while the correlation between the elasto ratio and FNAC was not significant, P-value =0.8. Conclusion:The TIRADS as a scoring system is an important reliable method for characterizing of thyroid nodule, the elasto score is also beneficial in evaluating the nodule when performed by professional personal, however the using of elasto ratio is not always beneficial.
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