Digital watermarking is one of the most powerful tools used in ownership and copyrights protection in digital media. This paper presents a blind digital video watermarking technique based on a combination scheme between the Discrete Wavelet transform in (DWT) and the real Schur Decomposition. The scheme starts with applying two-level DWT to the video scene followed by Schur decomposition in which the binary watermark bits are embedded in the resultant block upper triangular matrix. The proposed technique shows high efficiency due to the use of Schur decomposition which requires fewer computations compared to other transforms. The imperceptibility of the scheme is also very high due to the use of DWT transform; therefore, no visual distortion is noticed in the watermarked video after embedding. Furthermore, the technique proves to be robust against set of standard attacks like: Gaussian, salt and pepper and rotation and some video attacks such as: frame dropping, cropping and averaging. Both capacity and blindness features are also considered and achieved in this technique.

Problem statement: Video watermarking is well known as the process of embedding copyright information in video bit streams. It had been proposed in recent years to solve the problem of illegal manipulation and distribution of digital video. Approach: In this study, an effective, robust and imperceptible video watermarking algorithm was proposed. This algorithm was based on a cascade of two powerful mathematical transforms; Discrete Wavelets Transform (DWT) and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). Two different transform domain techniques showed high level of complementary and different levels of robustness against the same attack will be achieved through their combination. Results: The proposed algorithm was tested against imperceptibility and robustness and excellent results were obtained. Conclusion: Experimental results demonstrate the robustness achieved by combining the two transforms.

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The tremendous advancement of digital technology has increased the ease with which digital multimedia signals (image, video, audio) are stored, transmitted, and reproduced. Consequently, the content providers and owners are faced with problems of protection against copyright violation and other forms of abuse to their digital property. Digital watermarking has been proposed in the last decade as a solution to prevent illegal and malicious copying and distribution of digital media by embedding an unnoticeable information into the media content. This chapter describes three imperceptible and robust watermarking algorithms for different types of multimedia objects (image, video, audio). The three algorithms are based on cascading two powerful mathematical transforms; the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), and the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). The two transforms are different, and thus provide complementary levels of robustness against the same attack. In the proposed dual-transform algorithms, the watermark bits are not embedded directly on the wavelet coefficients, but rather on the elements of singular values of the DWT sub-bands of the multimedia object. Effectiveness of the proposed algorithms is demonstrated through extensive experimentation.

Purpose This study aims to investigate the trending term: “Netiquette” as an important element in the effective digital citizenship. The research suggests a systematic framework of netiquette rules in the field of online education based on the classical core rules of netiquette and according to the digital citizenship scale (DCS). The research also studies the corresponding responsibilities of both educators and students to raise awareness towards using technology in a balanced, safe, smart and ethical way as the shift towards the digital activities increased significantly in the post-corona time. Design/methodology/approach The research used the qualitative data that were based on the everyday observation and analysis of the online education experience at the university of Jordan in the academic year 2020/2021; the online group discussions of students and teachers; and investigating the guidelines of the online learning netiquette rules in various academic institutes. Comparative analysis was conducted to merge and eliminate redundant rules and to add sub rules, and then to cluster them into groups. The suggested clustered groups were distributed into the classical core rules outline of netiquette. In each core rule, the sub rules were reclassified and recategorized according to the DCS by studying the complexity levels and their corresponding factors. The suggested framework updates and adds DCS levels and factors considering the exceptional experience of online education through the pandemic. Findings The research finds that “Netiquette” had been neglected in cyber ethics literature, and so it has to be rediscovered through the lens of digital citizenship that becomes very noticeable issue in the post-COVID era. So, the research presents a systematic framework that outlines more than 150 netiquette sub rules in the field of online education, and that were clustered according to DCS and the classical core rules of netiquette. It also adds a new factor to the bottom level of DCS which is the primarily skills and traits, and also updates the internet and political activism fac-tor by adding the social perspective. Originality/value A novel classification of the classical core rules of netiquette was proposed in the field of online education to serve as a spectrum of identifying the complexity of digital citizenship levels and factors. This research can be a starting point of more works on netiquette research in online education and on other fields such as online business meetings, social media networking and online gaming.