The present study deals with the synthesis and characterization of ZrO 2 nanomaterial which can be used as an adsorbent for Molybdenum-99 ( 99 Mo).The adsorbent can potentially be utilized as the material for 99 Mo/ 99m Tc generator column. Using the sol-gel method, monoclinic nanocrystalline zirconia was synthesized from zirconium oxychloride in isopropyl alcohol reacted with ammonium hydroxide solution in isopropyl alcohol resulting in a white gel. The gel was subsequently refluxed for 12 hours at ~95 °C and pH at ~4 and then dried at 100 °C. The drying gel was then calcined at 600 °C for two hours. Meanwhile the orthorhombic nanocrystalline zirconia was obtained by reacting zirconium oxychloride solution with 2.5 M ammonium hydroxide solution which resulted in a white gel. The gel was then refluxed for 24 hours at ~95 °C and pH at ~11 and then dried at 100 °C. The drying gel was then calcined at 600 °C for two hours. These materials were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The Scherrer method is used for determination of crystallite size. The FT-IR spectra for both materials show absorption peak at 450-500 cm -1 which are attributed to Zr-O bond. The XRD pattern of monoclinic nanocrystalline form shows crystalline peaks at 2θ regions of 28.37 °, 31.65 °, 34 °, 36 ° and 50.3 ° with average crystallite size of 2.68 nm. Meanwhile, the XRD pattern of orthorhombic nanocrystalline form shows crystalline peaks at 2θ regions of 30 °, 35 °, 50 ° and 60 ° with average crystallite size of 0.98 nm. The TEM micrograph indicates that the zirconia nanomaterials prepared were quite uniform in size and shape.
]molybdate was then packed into generator column, then eluted with 10 × 1 mL of saline followed by 1 × 5 mL of NaOCl solution. The NaOCl solution concentrations used were 0.5%; 1%; 3%; and 5% for each column, respectively. This study resulted in a ZBM which has a 99 Mo adsorption capacity of 167.5 ± 3.4 mgMo/g ZBM, as well as in a yield eluate of 99m Tc of up to 70%, and the find that the optimum NaOCl concentration was 3%. The use of sodium hypochlorite solution affected 99 Mo breakthrough. The higher sodium hypochlorite concentration used, the more 99 Mo breaktrough exist on 99m Tc eluate.
Size exclusion chromatography Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)Brachytherapy or internal radiotherapy is one of many methods used for treatment of cancer. This modality requires an agent with radionuclides that emits α or β particle with a proper energy. 198Au (99% β max = 0.96 MeV and t 1/2 = 2.69 days) is one of radionuclides that has been considered to be effective for the abovementioned purpose. The purpose of this research was to synthesis and characterize poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) G3.0 dendrimers encapsulated 198 Au nanoparticles as a new brachytherapy agent. PAMAM G3.0 dendrimers encapsulated 198 Au nanoparticles was successfully synthesized by a bottom-up method using sodium borohydride as a reductor. Purification was then performed by a size exclusion chromatography in order to separate large Au nanoparticles that were formed outside the cavity of PAMAM G3.0 dendrimers. Prior to the synthesis of PAMAM G3.0 dendrimers encapsulated 198 Au nanoparticles, the synthetic procedure was first established by using a non-radioactive Au. The PAMAM G3.0 dendrimers encapsulated Au nanoparticles produced was then characterized by using an UV-Vis spectroscopy, a transmission electron microscopy (TEM), particle size analyzer (PSA), and an atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Characterization results revealed that PAMAM G3.0 dendrimers encapsulated Au nanoparticles that were prepared from a reaction mixture of PAMAM G3.0 dendrimers and Au HAuCl 4 with mol ratio of 2.8, was found to be a proper formula. It produced PAMAM G3.0 dendrimers encapsulated Au nanoparticles with diameter of 1.743 nm, spheris, uniform and drug loading value of 26.34%. This formula was then used in synthesis using radioactive Au, 198 Au. Characterization results of PAMAM G3.0 dendrimers encapsulated 198 Au nanoparticles gave a radiochemical purity of 99.4% and zero charge.
The fission-product 99 Mo, having a high specific activity, is commonly used in alumina-based 99 Mo /99m Tc generator. Due to the limitation on the use of fissionproduct 99 Mo, an alternative route for 99 Mo production, namely activation of natural molybdenum using thermal neutron, has been explored. Unfortunately, this neutronactivated 99 Mo has a low specific activity. Therefore, 99 Mo /99m Tc generator based on neutron-activated 99 Mo requires a column with higher capacity absorbent. Thus, in this study, the nanomaterial of alumina (nano--Al2O3) was synthesized which was expected to have a higher 99 Mo adsorption capacity, so that nano--Al2O3 could be potentially used as a matrix of column for 99 Mo/ 99m Tc generator based on neutron-activated 99 Mo. Nano--Al2O3 was synthesized by using sol-gel method and characterized using FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, the Scherrer method was used to determine the size of the crystals. To determine the 99 Mo adsorption capacity of the synthesized nanoalumina, the nano--alumina was soaked in nitric acid solution for one hour at room temperature followed by removing the filtrate. Then, the nano--alumina was soaked in 99 Mo solution (Na2 99 MoO4) at certain conditions. The FTIR spectra for nano--alumina showed adsorption peak at 450-500 cm -1 which indicated the presence of Al-O bond. The XRD patterns of nanoalumina crystals showed peaks at 2θ region of 25.8°, 35.9°, 38°, 52.8°, and 57.7°, indicating that the synthesized alumina had an α-phase with an average crystal size of ~5.5 nm. The average 99 Mo adsorption capacity of the synthesized alumina was 47.55 ± 12.3 mg Mo/g nano--Al2O3.
Purpose The application of contrast and tracing agents is essential for lung imaging, as indicated by the wide use in recent decades and the discovery of various new contrast and tracing agents. Different aerosol production and pulmonary administration methods have been developed to improve lung imaging quality. This review details and discusses the ideal characteristics of aerosol administered via pulmonary delivery for lung imaging and the methods for the production and pulmonary administration of dry or liquid aerosol. Methods We explored several databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, while preparing this review to discover and obtain the abstracts, reports, review articles, and research papers related to aerosol delivery for lung imaging and the formulation and pulmonary delivery method of dry and liquid aerosol. The search terms used were "dry aerosol delivery", "liquid aerosol delivery", "MRI for lung imaging", "CT scan for lung imaging", "SPECT for lung imaging", "PET for lung imaging", "magnetic particle imaging", "dry powder inhalation", "nebuliser", and "pressurised metered-dose inhaler". Results Through the literature review, we found that the critical considerations in aerosol delivery for lung imaging are appropriate lung deposition of inhaled aerosol and avoiding toxicity. The important tracing agent was also found to be Technetium-99m ( 99m Tc), Gallium-68 ( 68 Ga) and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION), while the essential contrast agents are gold, iodine, silver gadolinium, iron and manganese-based particles. The pulmonary delivery of such tracing and contrast agents can be performed using dry formulation (graphite ablation, spark ignition and spray dried powder) and liquid aerosol (nebulisation, pressurised metered-dose inhalation and air spray). Conclusion A dual-imaging modality with the combination of different tracing or contrast agents is a future development of aerosolised micro and nanoparticles for lung imaging to improve diagnosis success.
The application of nanomaterials in the treatment of various types of diseases continues to increase, including the use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). However, there still limitation in terms of the research on labelling AgNPs using radioactive compound such as 131I. The aim of this study is to carry out a method on 131I radiolabelling of AgNPs by using Iodogen as an iodination reagent. The radiolabelled 131I-AgNPs were then purified by using Sephadex-25 column chromatography with 0,05 M phosphate buffer solution as mobile phase for the first purification and HEPES solution for the second purification. The radiochemical purity of radiolabelled 131I-AgNPs was then determined by using autoradiography scanner. 131I-AgNPs with a purity 94,5±0,2121% were obtained after the purification. Stability test of the 131I-AgNPs was carried out by determining the radiochemical purity of the 131I-AgNPs on the first day until the fifth day of storage in the room temperature and refrigerator. The best stability of the 131I-AgNPs after purification resulted in radiochemical purity >90% until the fourth day and <90% on the fifth and subsequent days in both storages. This result shows that storage in the refrigerator can be a better choice rather than in the room temperature.
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