The present study deals with the synthesis and characterization of ZrO 2 nanomaterial which can be used as an adsorbent for Molybdenum-99 ( 99 Mo).The adsorbent can potentially be utilized as the material for 99 Mo/ 99m Tc generator column. Using the sol-gel method, monoclinic nanocrystalline zirconia was synthesized from zirconium oxychloride in isopropyl alcohol reacted with ammonium hydroxide solution in isopropyl alcohol resulting in a white gel. The gel was subsequently refluxed for 12 hours at ~95 °C and pH at ~4 and then dried at 100 °C. The drying gel was then calcined at 600 °C for two hours. Meanwhile the orthorhombic nanocrystalline zirconia was obtained by reacting zirconium oxychloride solution with 2.5 M ammonium hydroxide solution which resulted in a white gel. The gel was then refluxed for 24 hours at ~95 °C and pH at ~11 and then dried at 100 °C. The drying gel was then calcined at 600 °C for two hours. These materials were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The Scherrer method is used for determination of crystallite size. The FT-IR spectra for both materials show absorption peak at 450-500 cm -1 which are attributed to Zr-O bond. The XRD pattern of monoclinic nanocrystalline form shows crystalline peaks at 2θ regions of 28.37 °, 31.65 °, 34 °, 36 ° and 50.3 ° with average crystallite size of 2.68 nm. Meanwhile, the XRD pattern of orthorhombic nanocrystalline form shows crystalline peaks at 2θ regions of 30 °, 35 °, 50 ° and 60 ° with average crystallite size of 0.98 nm. The TEM micrograph indicates that the zirconia nanomaterials prepared were quite uniform in size and shape.

PEMBUATAN RADIONUKLIDA MOLIBDENUM-99 (99Mo) HASIL AKTIVASI NEUTRON DARI MOLIBDENUM ALAM UNTUK MEMPEROLEH TEKNESIUM-99m (99mTc). Pembatasan penggunaan uranium sebagai target untuk produksi 99mTc menyebabkan rumah sakit di Indonesia  kesulitan mendapatkan pasokan 99mTc. Saat ini 99mTc diperoleh dari 99Mo hasil fisi (pembelahan uranium).  Pembuatan radionuklida 99Mo dari aktivasi neutron  molibdenum alam (MoO3) di teras reaktor G.A Siwabessy digunakan sebagai metode alternatif untuk memperoleh 99mTc. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melakukan pembuatan radionuklida 99Mo dari aktivasi neutron molibdenum alam untuk memperoleh 99mTc. Serbuk MoO3 alam sebanyak 5 gram dikemas dalam ampul kuarsa dan dimasukkan ke dalam inner capsul selanjutnya dikemas menggunakan outer capsul sebagai bahan target. Bahan target diiradiasi di reaktor G.A Siwabessy selama 100 jam. Hasil perhitungan diperoleh aktivitas  99Mo sebesar 65 % dari nilai maksimum yang dapat diperoleh. MoO3 paska iradiasi dilarutkan dengan NaOH 4 M sehingga diperoleh larutan natrium molibdat (Na2MoO4). Radionuklida 99Mo dan 99mTc diukur menggunakan spektrometer gamma. Radionuklida 99Mo terdeteksi dalam produk larutan  Na2MoO4 dengan  aktivitas jenis 99Mo yang diperoleh sebesar 0,81 Ci 99Mo/g Mo.  Radionuklida anak luruh 99mTc dipisahkan dari radionuklida induk 99Mo menggunakan kolom pemisah yang berisi material berbasis zirkonium (MBZ) sebagai penyerap 99Mo. Radionuklida 99mTc hasil pemisahan diperoleh dalam bentuk natrium pertehnetat (Na99mTcO4).dengan recovery yang masih rendah yaitu sekitar 52 hingga 71 %.Kata kunci: Molibdenum, teknesium, radionuklida, pemisahan, iradiasi. PRODUCTION OF ACTIVATED  NEUTRON MOLYBDENUM-99 (99Mo) RADIONUCLIDE FROM NATURAL MOLYBDENUM TO OBTAIN TECHNETIUM-99m (99mTc).  Uranium usage restriction causes the hospitals in indonesia difficult to obtain the suply of  99mTc. At Present, 99mTc is obtanied from molybdenum as a uranium fission product. Production of 99Mo radionuclide resulted from neutron activated natural molybdenum (MoO3) in G.A Siwabessy reactor could be used  as a alternatif method for producing 99mTc. The aim of this research is synthesize of   99Mo radionuclide from neutron activated natural molybdenum  (MoO3) to obtain 99mTc. The five grams of  MoO3 powder was packed in a quartz ampule and inserted into inner capsule then also inserted into outer capsule as a target material. It was iradiated in G.A Siwabessy reactor for 100hours. Based on theoritical calculation, about 65 % of maximum 99Mo activity could be recovered. After Irradiation,  MoO3 was dissolved by NaOH 4 M solution so it was natrium molybdate (Na2MoO4) solution. 99Mo and 99mTc radionuclide were analyzed using gamma spectrometer. 99Mo radionuclide was detected on Na2MoO4 solution as product that had specific activity of 0.81 Ci 99Mo/ g Mo. 99mTc as daughter radionuclide was separated from 99Mo as parent radionuclide using separated column containing zirconium based material (ZBM) as 99Mo adsobent. 99mTc radionuclide has been succesfully separated using ZBM column although recovery of 99mTc  was quite low in which approximately 52 to 71 %. The 99mTc radionuclide was recovered in the form of sodium pertechnetate (NaTcO4) solution.Keywords: Molybdenum, technetium, radionuclide, separation, irradiation.

The fission-product 99 Mo, having a high specific activity, is commonly used in alumina-based 99 Mo /99m Tc generator. Due to the limitation on the use of fissionproduct 99 Mo, an alternative route for 99 Mo production, namely activation of natural molybdenum using thermal neutron, has been explored. Unfortunately, this neutronactivated 99 Mo has a low specific activity. Therefore, 99 Mo /99m Tc generator based on neutron-activated 99 Mo requires a column with higher capacity absorbent. Thus, in this study, the nanomaterial of alumina (nano--Al2O3) was synthesized which was expected to have a higher 99 Mo adsorption capacity, so that nano--Al2O3 could be potentially used as a matrix of column for 99 Mo/ 99m Tc generator based on neutron-activated 99 Mo. Nano--Al2O3 was synthesized by using sol-gel method and characterized using FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, the Scherrer method was used to determine the size of the crystals. To determine the 99 Mo adsorption capacity of the synthesized nanoalumina, the nano--alumina was soaked in nitric acid solution for one hour at room temperature followed by removing the filtrate. Then, the nano--alumina was soaked in 99 Mo solution (Na2 99 MoO4) at certain conditions. The FTIR spectra for nano--alumina showed adsorption peak at 450-500 cm -1 which indicated the presence of Al-O bond. The XRD patterns of nanoalumina crystals showed peaks at 2θ region of 25.8°, 35.9°, 38°, 52.8°, and 57.7°, indicating that the synthesized alumina had an α-phase with an average crystal size of ~5.5 nm. The average 99 Mo adsorption capacity of the synthesized alumina was 47.55 ± 12.3 mg Mo/g nano--Al2O3.

No abstract

Determining the stability of silver nanoparticles is a very important process. It was associated with unwanted metal charge and materials properties. Therefore, we studied to synthesis and stability of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The synthesis was performed by reduction method used sodium borohydride (NaBH 4). Silver nitrate solution 0.0005 M in 1 mL was reduced using 1 mL 0.002 M of NaBH 4. Then a 40.0 L of polyvinylpyrrolidone 0.3% and 20 L of 1.5 N NaCl was added to the mixture. Characterization of silver nanoparticles is undertaken using spectrophotometer UV-Vis, transmission electron microscopy, particle size analyzer and zeta potential. The stability of products is observed for 5 times using spectrophotometer UV-Vis. The product was characterized by determining its surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of AgNPs and the result was obtained at 403 nm. The size of AgNPs was 20 nm using tomography emission microscopy analysis and the particle size distribution give 5.8 nm. The dielectric charge was 53 mV. The stable AgNPs showed no significant SPR shift at 402±0.89 nm wavelength during 5 days observation. Based on the size and stability, it was suitable for imaging materials.

The background of the problem regarding the synergy between the Regional Government and PT Adaro Indonesia in implementing CSR programs in Tabalong Regency in the economic field is the lack of realization of CSR programs from PT Adaro Indonesia. From the social aspect, it is the expansion of the mining area which triggers conflicts between the community and the company. Meanwhile, from the environmental aspect, there are a number of public complaints due to environmental pollution and/or destruction. The purpose of this study was to determine the synergy between the Regional Government and PT Adaro Indonesia in the implementation of the CSR program and to determine the factors that influence the synergy between the Regional Government and PT Adaro Indonesia in implementing the CSR program in Tabalong Regency. This study uses a descriptive qualitative data presentation method with data collection techniques through observation and purposive interviews with informants. In this study, the author uses qualitative data analysis techniques with the aim of providing a complete, actual, and accurate picture of the phenomenon under study. The results of the study indicate that the synergy between the Regional Government and PT Adaro Indonesia in implementing CSR programs in Tabalong Regency is carried out through coordination and communication activities. The implementation of coordination between the local government and PT Adaro Indonesia in implementing CSR programs includes development programs in the economic, social and environmental fields. The coordination process is carried out through meetings to conduct program discussions based on the results of data collection and a list of existing proposals. As for the results of the coordination, several programs have been established, including the development of MSMEs, they are trained to make packaging, branding, capital and internet access. In the environmental field, there are Adiwiyata schools, waste banks and climate villages. Meanwhile, communication activities are carried out through joint meeting forums to discuss several CSR programs in Tabalong Regency, both economic, social and environmental development programs. To increase the synergy between the Regional Government and PT Adaro Indonesia in implementing CSR programs in Tabalong Regency, it is suggested to the Tabalong Regency Regional Government to issue a special policy as a guideline and technical guide that requires companies to consult CSR program plans in Tabalong Regency.

INFLUENCE OF DRYING TIME AND TEMPERATURE ON ZIRCONIUM-BASED MATERIAL (ZBM) PROPERTIES FOR 99Mo/99mTc GENERATOR DEVELOPMENT. Zirconium-based material (ZBM) has an important role in producing Technetium-99m (99m Tc) due to its high adsorption capacity to Molybdenum-99 (99 Mo). The adsorption capacity of the ZBM depends on the specific surface area which is influenced by several parameters in the synthesis process. This study aims to investigate the influence of drying time and temperature on the structure and specific surface area of the ZBM. Synthesis of the ZBM was carried out using zirconium chloride, 2-propanol, water and tetrahydrofuran at 75 °C, 90 °C and 120 °C and for 3 hr, 5 hr and 7 hr, respectively. Functional group and specific surface area of the ZBM was analyzed by FTIR and BET method, respectively. At the variation of drying time, the functional group pattern showed by FTIR spectra was not significantly different. The O-H group of the ZBM increased as the drying temperature decreases. At 75 and 90°C, the specific surface area increased as the function of time was increased but was decreased at 120°C. The highest surface area of the synthesized ZBM had a poor performance as a 99 Mo/ 99m Tc generator material, whereas the eluate met the required standard.

Mo/ 99m Tc generator Technetium-99m ( 99m Tc) plays a major role in diagnostic nuclear medicine and has not yet been replaced with any other radionuclides. It is available through the 99 Mo/ 99m Tc generator. The use of low-specific-activity 99 Mo for 99 Mo/ 99m Tc generator application requires high adsorptive capacity sorbents. This study focused on the determination of 99 Mo adsorption capacity of several zirconia materials, namely monoclinic nanozirconia, orthorhombic nanozirconia, sulfated zirconia, and phosphated zirconia. These materials were synthesized by using the sol-gel method and characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The determination of 99 Mo adsorption capacity of these materials was carried out by soaking the materials in a Na 2 99 MoO 4 solution with pH of 3 and 7, at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 90 °C, for 1 and 3 hours. The results indicated that monoclinic nanozirconia has a 99 Mo adsorption capacity of 76.9 mg Mo/g, whereas orthorhombic nanozirconia, sulfated zirconia, and phosphated zirconia have 99 Mo adsorption capacities of 150.1 mg Mo/g, 15.58 mg Mo/g, and 12.74 mg Mo/g, respectively. It appears that orthorhombic nanozirconia has the highest 99 Mo adsorption capacity among the synthesized materials and can be applied as a candidate material for the 99 Mo/ 99m Tc generator.