Size exclusion chromatography Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)Brachytherapy or internal radiotherapy is one of many methods used for treatment of cancer. This modality requires an agent with radionuclides that emits α or β particle with a proper energy. 198Au (99% β max = 0.96 MeV and t 1/2 = 2.69 days) is one of radionuclides that has been considered to be effective for the abovementioned purpose. The purpose of this research was to synthesis and characterize poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) G3.0 dendrimers encapsulated 198 Au nanoparticles as a new brachytherapy agent. PAMAM G3.0 dendrimers encapsulated 198 Au nanoparticles was successfully synthesized by a bottom-up method using sodium borohydride as a reductor. Purification was then performed by a size exclusion chromatography in order to separate large Au nanoparticles that were formed outside the cavity of PAMAM G3.0 dendrimers. Prior to the synthesis of PAMAM G3.0 dendrimers encapsulated 198 Au nanoparticles, the synthetic procedure was first established by using a non-radioactive Au. The PAMAM G3.0 dendrimers encapsulated Au nanoparticles produced was then characterized by using an UV-Vis spectroscopy, a transmission electron microscopy (TEM), particle size analyzer (PSA), and an atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Characterization results revealed that PAMAM G3.0 dendrimers encapsulated Au nanoparticles that were prepared from a reaction mixture of PAMAM G3.0 dendrimers and Au HAuCl 4 with mol ratio of 2.8, was found to be a proper formula. It produced PAMAM G3.0 dendrimers encapsulated Au nanoparticles with diameter of 1.743 nm, spheris, uniform and drug loading value of 26.34%. This formula was then used in synthesis using radioactive Au, 198 Au. Characterization results of PAMAM G3.0 dendrimers encapsulated 198 Au nanoparticles gave a radiochemical purity of 99.4% and zero charge.
AbstrakRadioisotop iodium-125 ( 125 I) cukup dikenal luas manfaatnya, diantaranya adalah sebagai perunut (tracer) kit RIA/IRMA untuk deteksi in-vitro berbagai penyakit, sebagai sumber radiasi dalam brachytherapy penyakit kanker, sebagai perunut binding assay dalam berbagai penelitian bioteknologi. Beberapa tahun lalu untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dalam negeri 125 I masih diimpor. BATAN, telah memiliki fasilitas produksi radioisotop 125 I, tetapi sampai dua tahun terakhir selain efisiensi produksi belum optimal, kualitas produk belum memenuhi persyaratan untuk banyak keperluan di atas. 125 I yang digunakan pada bidang kesehatan dalam bentuk larutan natrium iodida-125 (Na 125-I) harus memiliki kemurnian radiokimia tinggi (>95 %) agar mendapatkan hasil penandaan yang baik. Dengan demikian perlu dilakukan peningkatan kemurnian radiokimia 125 Idengan mengurangi pengotor radiokimia yang berasal pengotor iodat dan periodat. Pada penelitian ini digunakan Na 2 S 2 O 5 dan reduktor Jones untuk mereduksi iodat dan periodat menjadi iodida. (Na 125-I) produksi PRR-BATAN sampai batas yang diharapkan. Pada percobaan ini diperoleh kemurnian radiokimia 125 I -91,49 % dengan penambahan Na 2 S 2 O 5 0,1 N volume 6 uL, dan 95,16% dengan volume 8 uL. Penggunaan Na 2 S 2 O 5 dengan konsentrasi 0,3 N volume 2 uL diperoleh kemurnian radiokimia 99 % sedangkan volume 4 uL, 6 uL, dan 8 uL menghasilkan kemurnian radiokimia 100 %. Sedangkan penggunaan reduktor Jones menghasilkan kemurnian radiokimia 125 Iyaitu 99,83 %.Kata Kunci: iodium-125, kemurnian radiokimia, Na 2 S 2 O 5 , reduktor Jones, iodat. AbstrackRadioisotopes iodine-125 ( 125 I) was widely used, such as in RIA/IRMA kit for in-vitro detection of various diseases, as a source of radiation in cancer brachytherapy, as a tracer of a binding assay in various biotechnology research. Some years ago ( 125 I) still must be imported. BATAN, has iodine-125 radioisotope production facility, but until two years ago the product quality has not met the requirements for many purposes described above. 125 I used in the health sector in the form of sodium iodide-125 (Na 125-I) should have high radiochemical purity (> 95%) in order to obtain good results of labelling. It was thus necessary to improve the radiochemical purity of 125 Iby reducing impurities originating radiochemical impurities from periodat and iodate. In this study, Na 2 S 2 O 5 and jones reductor were used to reduce iodate and periodat to iodide. Both compounds can improve the radiochemical purity of 125 Isodium iodide-125 (Na 125-I) produced by PRR-Batan. In this experiment gave radiochemical purity of 125 I -91.49% by adding 0.1 N Na 2 S 2 O 5 volume of 6 ul, and 95.16% by volume of 8 ul. Using a concentration of 0.3 N Na 2 S 2 O 5 volume 2 ul obtained radiochemical purity of 99% while the volume of 4 ul, 6 ul, and 8 ul produce radiochemical purity 100%. While the use of jones reductor resulted in 99.83% of radiochemical purity of 125 I.
Manfaat iodium-125 (125-I) sudah banyak diketahui. 125-I dapat digunakan antara lain sebagai perunut dalam teknik Radioimmunoassay (RIA) untuk deteksi dini berbagai penyakit kanker, menentukan kesuburan hewan ternak serta cemaran mikotoksin di dalam pangan secara invitro. 125-I yang dibutuhkan dalam teknik ini disamping harus mempunyai kemurnian radiokimia > 95%, konsentrasi radioaktifitas juga tinggi, sehingga volume 125-I haruslah sekecil mungkin. Dengan demikian perlu dipelajari profil elusi 125-I dari kolom reduktor Jones saat proses peningkatan kemurnian radiokimia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan volume optimal eluat dengan efisiensi dan kemurnian radiokimia yang dapat diterima. Pada penelitian ini kondisi kolom yang dipilih adalah kolom dengan pH basa. Kolom reduktor Jones yang mengandung 125-I dielusi dengan larutan NaOH 0,01N secara fraksinasi volume 1 ml. Radioaktifitas masing-masing fraksi diukur menggunakan dose calibrator. Penentuan kemurnian radiokimia dilakukan pada fraksi yang memiliki radioaktifitas tertinggi dan fraksi gabungan dengan metode kromatografi kertas. Radioaktifitas tertinggi ditunjukkan pada fraksi kedua yaitu 16,59 mCi dengan efisiensi 33,95% dan fraksi gabungan yaitu 50,19 mCi dengan efisiensi 92,26%. Kemurnian radiokimia 125-I bulk, fraksi kedua dan fraksi gabungan berturut-turut adalah 41,50, 97,5 dan 98,50%. Volume optimal eluat adalah 7 ml serta pH 125-I sebelum dan sesudah fraksinasi adalah 10 -11. Determination of Elution Profile the Iodine-125 as a tracer for Radioimmunoassay (RIA). The benefits of the Iodine-125 (125I ) isotope was well known. 125I are used as radiotracer in Radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique for early detection of cancer, determine of hormone content which related with fertility of livestock and also for contamination detection of mycotoxins on food by in vitro. 125I which is needed in this technique not only must have high radiochemical purity above 95% but also high radioactivity concentration, so that 125I volume which is use must as little as possible. Therefore, 125I elution profile for increasing radiochemical purity using a reductor Jones column should be studied. Aim of this study is to determine the optimum volume of eluate which have efficiency and radiochemical purity that can be accepted. The preliminary study was conducted to determine the optimal conditions of reductor Jones column. Reductor Jones column is conditioned on neutral and alkaline pH. At this elution study, the columns conditions selected is alkaline pH. Reductor Jones column which containing 125I eluted with NaOH 0,01 N solution by fractionated in 1mL. The radioactivity of each fraction is measured with dose calibrator. Determination of the radiochemical purity of carried out on the fraction which have the highest radioactivity and the combined fractions using paper chromatography. Highest radioactivity is shown in the second fraction at 16,59 mCi with efficiency 33,95% and combined fractions at 50,19 mCi with efficiency 92,26%. The radiochemical purity of 125-I bulk, second fraction and combined fractions are 41,50%, 97,5 % dan 98,50%, respectively. Optimum fraction is 7 mL and pH of 125-I before and after fractination are 10-11. By studying the elution profile can be known that the optimal volume is the smallest total volume of eluent with efficiency and radiochemical purity level that can be accepted.
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