Abstrak

The use of synthetic pesticides in tropical countries has increased over the years, following the intensification of agriculture. However, awareness among farmers of the importance of protecting themselves from hazards associated with pesticide application is still lacking, especially in Indonesia. This paper reports results of an inventory on knowledge and attitudes regarding pesticide use by melon farmers of a village in Central Java, Indonesia. The importance of using personal protective equipment such as hats, masks, goggles, boots, and gloves on agricultural land is known and well understood by the farmers. However, in practice, only 3.8 % were wearing glasses and 1.9 % were using boots. In fact, the masks used only consisted of a part of their shirt tied around the mouth. The farmers were not wearing long pants and shirts with long sleeves and used the same clothes for more than 1 day without washing. Almost no farmers used personal protective equipment that was standard, in good condition, and complete. Based on the results of statistical analysis, no significant relationship was found between knowledge and attitude on the required practices on the one hand and the use of personal protective equipment in practice on the other hand. This shows that improved knowledge and attitudes are not enough to change the behavior of farmers to work in a healthy and safe way. The gap between knowledge and practice needs to be bridged by a more interactive and participatory training model. It is therefore of paramount importance to develop a special toolkit for pesticide risk reduction which is developed in a participatory manner involving the farmers as the main actors through a series of focus group discussions and field simulations.

Uncontrolled application of pesticides can contaminate soil and may kill other nontarget organisms. This study aims to determine the usage pattern of pesticides by farmers in Wanasari Subdistrict and study the soil quality degradation potential. This study was a quantitative and qualitative research. Sources of data were collected from observation, questionnaire, and in-depth interview methods. The respondents were shallot farmers who planted shallot during 2013-2016 ( = 60). In-depth interview was done with three respondents from the local agricultural extension center (BPP). This study found that there were some different types of insecticides and fungicides that were used in every planting season. The farmers applied pesticides in large amount once every three or four days. They mixed minimally three insecticides and fungicides types about 30-40 ml for each type. Organophosphate residues that were found in soil samples were methidathion residue about 0.014 mg/kg, malathion residue ranging around 0.1370-0.3630 mg/kg, and chlorpyrifos residue in the range of 0.0110-0.0630 mg/kg. The excessive application of pesticides showed the land degradation potential. Soil quality laboratory testing is recommended to ensure the agricultural land condition. Routine assessment of soil quality and pesticide usage control is recommended to keep sustainable ecosystem.

<p>Petani dalam mengolah lahan membutuhkan pestisida untuk memberantas hama dan gulma. Namun di sisi lain pestisida dapat membahayakan kesehatan diri petani, konsumen, organisme non target serta lingkungan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui alur pajanan pestisida yang dapat masuk ke tubuh petani berbasis analisis risiko. Metode penelitian dengan exploratory research  dengan desain penelitian cross Sectional. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi dan wawancara pada 54 petani. Pajanan pestisida dapat masuk ke dalam tubuh petani melalui kulit, pernapasan dan pencernaan. Petani dapat terpajan pestisida pada waktu membawa, menyimpan, memindahkan konsentrat, mencampur, menyemprot serta membersihkan alat semprot yang telah digunakan. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan RQ (Risk Quotient) 54 petani mendapatkan nilai lebih dari 1, yang berarti lebih dari batas aman yang diperkenan. 40,7% petani menggunakan bahan aktif dalam sekali pencampuran lebih dari 10 jenis serta 51,9% petani melakukan penyemprotan menghabiskan 6-10 tangki dalam sehari. Semakin besar peluang pajanan pestisida dapat meningkatkan tingginya kejadian  keracunan kronis pada petani. Analisis risiko dapat memberikan gambaran  pajanan pestisida dalam tubuh petani, melalui tahapan identifikasi bahaya, dosis response, penentuan pajanan serta penetapan karakteristik risiko. Petani harus menggunakan pestisida dengan benar dan bijak dengan membaca label kemasan, penyemprotan pada waktu yang tetap dan penggunaan alat pelindung diri untuk menjaga keselamatan di tempat kerja. </p><p> </p><p><em>Farmers cultivate agricultural land require pesticides to eradicate pests and weeds. But on the other hand, pesticide may be risking their own health, consumers, non-target organisms and the environment. The aim of this study to determine the flow of pesticide exposure that can enter the body of farmers based on risk analysis. The method uses an exploratory research with a cross sectional study design. The data collection had been done by observation and interviews with 54 farmers. Farmers exposed to pesticides through dermal, respiratory, and digestion. Farmers may be exposed to pesticides in agricultural land at the time of carrying, storing, transferring the concentrate, mixing, spraying and cleaning spray equipment that has been used. Based on the calculation of the value of RQ (Risk Quotient) 54 farmers obtain the results of more than 1, which means the excess of allowable safe limit. 40.7% of farmers use the active ingredient in a single mixing more than 10 types of active ingredient and 51.9% of farmers are spraying spend 6-10 tank in a day. The greater the chance of exposure to pesticides may increase the high incidence of chronic poisoning in farmers. Risk analysis can provide an overview of pesticide exposure in the body of farmers, through the stages of hazard identification, dose response, exposure determination and the determination of risk characteristics. Farmers should use pesticides properly and wisely by reading  the instructions on the packaging label, spraying at a fixed time and the use of personal protective equipment to maintain safety at work.</em></p>

Abstract. The city of Pekalongan known as "Kota Batik" is one of Batik Industrial Centers in Indonesia with 917 batik industry. There are 203 batik industries located in Jenggot Village, which is the biggest batik industrial center in Pekalongan City. The process of making batik requires a dye derived from synthetic dyes containing heavy metals. Most of the waste is directly discharged into the environment without going through the processing first. This is due to the lack of optimal management of existing WWTP as well as lack of public awareness of environmental conservation. This condition has a negative impact on the surrounding community, especially in terms of environmental health regarding Water Quality Requirements. Potential occurrence of dug well water contamination due to infiltration of batik waste water is big enough. Survey results of 15 dug wells show that the construction of dug wells is not sufficient. There is a dug well with a damaged outer wall of 16.1%, damaged inner wall of 17.9% and a damaged well floor of 19.7%. Improper well construction impacts on the infiltration of batik waste water into the well. Survey results of physical well water quality showed 3.6% snoring, 16.1% smelly, 9.8% color and 10.7% taste. Pollution to dug well water can affect public health because it is used for daily use to drink, cook, bathe and wash because> 65% do not have other sources of clean water. The recommendation of this research is the need for waste water treatment batik starting from source through WWTP both on the household and communal scale with the role of local government as a facilitator. Society and batik industry players need to be involved in managing environmentally friendly batik industrial center.