The extended producer responsibility (EPR) has been adopted in many countries throughout the world to give producers responsibility to manage their products until the post-consumer stage. On many occasions in developing countries, the system is mostly implemented for electronic waste. However, with the rising concern on the marine plastic issue, developing countries, including those in Asia, have started to apply EPR for package and container waste. In practice, developing countries show significant differences in their EPR implementation compared with developed ones due to contrasting conditions of several factors, including social, economic and technology. This article aims to explore the challenges of developing countries to apply EPR as well as determine possible measures to overcome the challenges. Results show that applying EPR system for plastic waste in developing countries faces many challenges, such as the existence of a market-based collection system of recyclables, high transportation cost, lack of waste collection services in rural areas, a limited number of facilities to manage certain types of plastic waste, insufficient pollution control and free riding and orphan products. The challenges, furthermore, can be minimised by differentiating the responsibility of producers, focusing on rural and remote areas, involving informal sectors, creating joint facilities in recycling parks, expanding waste management collection services, increasing the use of EPR and minimising free riding.
In Indonesia, there are classic issues about waste that are highlighted due to the country's critical conditions. Uncontrolled population growth and regional development have led to massive waste production. One popular practice in waste management is located at integrated waste management site (TPST). This practice has been implemented successfully by TPST Mustika Iklhas, a small community operation in Tangerang. Though different from previous operations, its success is achieved by active community participation, far away from government intervention. This study looks at management practices in TPST Mustika Ikhlas. The method used to address real and complex problems is called system dynamics. This method uses life cycle thinking to address the waste management practice in Mustika Residence. Once the model was constructed, a simulation was carried out within 1,080 days. In this study, exponential behaviors were generated in the main variables such as waste, inorganic waste, and compost. However, organic waste exhibited oscillation behavior due to its processing time needed to convert to compost. From the results and discussion, we conclude that integrated waste management in TPST Mustika Ikhlas has been effective in reducing waste through conversion to inorganic waste and compost. Intervention to Business-As-Usual (BAU) should focus on two leverage variables: retribution and TPST cash flow.
As the key to sustainable development, water conducts significant contributions in contemporary environmental development challenges. However, water scarcity is still happening all over the world, including agrarian countries like Indonesia. In Indonesia, agricultural sector takes up to 70% to the national water consumption. In this sector, rice contributes to 69% of national water consumption of crop commodities. To address this issue, organic system comes up as an alternative by its potential in reducing water consumption. Moreover, in achieving sustainable agriculture, organic system is also addressing economic and social aspects. Therefore, this research aims to assess the sustainability status of organic rice farming in Sindangkerta Village, West Bandung, West Java, exploring the environmental, economic, and social aspects. In environmental aspect, organic rice farming consumes less water than the conventional, especially in its agricultural phases. This satisfying breakthrough is correlated with organic materials used, at the same time minimizing chemical substances that relates to less grey water footprint. Less grey water footprint impacts on less total water footprint, meaning less water consumption. Other practices such as water conservation also contribute. Compared to conventional rice farming, it saves about 30–50% of water consumption. In economic aspect the great number of economic valuation of organic rice seems useless because of the absence of market. To conclude, the organic rice farming in Sindangkerta Village is categorized fairly sustainable, therefore it can be a promising alternative to achieve sustainable agriculture.
Littering is a daunting environmental issue that occurs daily; the impact of littering can range from lowering the aesthetic appeal of a city to polluting waterways and biomes. Littering persists on a collective and individual level despite the existence of numerous laws and regulations that prohibit it. We assume that there is a correlation between the effectiveness of visual aids and littering behavior. Poorly designed prohibitive signs and inaccessible trash bins could be part of the reason why littering persists. The current research aims to evaluate existing prohibitive signs and trash bins and to design some improvements. The researchers used direct observation methods of visual designs based on socio-psychological persuasion techniques and a questionnaire conducted at the School of Environmental Science of Universitas Indonesia. The results showed that respondents were generally aware of littering being a serious issue that could lead to environmental problems. The university campus was generally clean; however, respondents stated that they often saw plastic trash in sewer and drainage areas. University residents do litter despite adverse social judgment. In addition, respondents stated that they responded better to visually pleasing encouragement posters rather than the standard prohibitive signs on proper waste disposal behavior.
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