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Negatively dependent, Complete convergence, Weighted sums, 60F15,

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Allium L. is one of the largest genera of the Amaryllidaceae family, with more than 920 species including many economically important species used as vegetables, spices, medicines, or ornamental plants. Currently, DNA barcoding tools are being successfully used for the molecular taxonomy of Allium. A total of 46 Allium species were collected from their native areas, and DNA was extracted using the IBRC DNA extraction kit. We used specific primers to PCR amplify matK. DNA sequences were edited and aligned for homology, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining method. The results show thymine (38.5%) was the most frequent and guanine (13.9%) the least frequent nucleotide. The matK regions of the populations were quite highly conserved, and the amount of C and CT was calculated at 0.162 and 0.26, respectively. Analysis of the nucleotide substitution showed C-T (26.22%) and A-G (8.08%) to have the highest and lowest percent, respectively. The natural selection process dN/dS was 1.16, and the naturality test results were-1.5 for Tajima's D and-1.19 for Fu's Fs. The NJ dendrogram generated three distinct clades: the first contained Allium austroiranicum and A. ampeloprasum; the second contained A. iranshahrii, A. bisotunense, and A. cf assadi; and the third contained A. rubellum and other species. In this study, we tested the utility of the matK region as a DNA barcode for discriminating Allium. species.

Background: Many diseases are often caused by bacteria, including those caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes. Staphylococcus aureus has a hospital infection source and can cause simple skin diseases such as rashes, as well as more severe diseases, such as pneumonia and meningitis. Listeria monocytogenes has an environmental source, such as water, soil and food, and attacks the central nervous system and causes neurological symptoms, even leading to death. Objectives: This study aimed at evaluating antimicrobial effects of ethanol extract and essential oil Eshvark against clinical isolates of S. aureus and L. monocytogenes, which are resistant to antibiotics. Methods: Different strains of S. aureus bacteria were isolated from Bu-Ali hospital of Zahedan, and standard strains of L. monocytogenes (PTCC 1630) were provided as a lyophilized vial in Iranian collection center of fungus and bacteria (Iranian research organization for Science and industry). In this study, the essential oil of Razya stritca was obtained by Clevenger. Then the minimum inhibitory concentrations were investigated to characterize the antibacterial activities of this essential oil. Results: These tests showed that the approximate minimum inhibitory concentration was at concentrations of 5 and 10 mg per milliliter, and the amount of inhibitory concentration for S. aureus was 25/83 and 6/17 while this amount for L. monocytogenes was 5/53 and 1/7, and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was also at concentrations of 5 and 10 mg per milliliter. Conclusions: This study confirmed the antimicrobial potential of investigated plants and their usefulness in treatment of resistant isolates of S. aureus and L. monocytogenes.

Background:Herbal medicines has been a major remedy in traditional medical systems from thousands of years and made a great contribution in maintaining human health and in preventing many infectious diseases. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of Winter Cheery (Withania somnifera) against antibiotic-resistant isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from the urinary tract infection patients. Materials and Methods: All 30 isolates of K. pneumoniae isolated from urine culture of hospitalized patients (Amir al-Mu'minin Hospital, Zabol, southeastern of Iran) suffered from urinary tract infection during the years 2011 and 2012. In this study, the extract of W. somnifera obtained by rotary evaporator. Then the minimum inhibitory concentrations were investigated to characterize the antibacterial activities of this extract. Results: The isolates of K. pneumoniae were resistance to four of the agents including ceftazidime (60% of isolates) cefixime (60% of isolates), erythromycin (66.6% of isolates). The highest MIC values of extract were found to be 250 ppm against K. pneumoniae and MIC values for K. pneumoniae were 63 ppm. Conclusions: This study confirmed the antimicrobial potential of investigated plants and their usefulness in treatment of resistant isolates of K. pneumoniae.