SUMMARY Information regarding the anatomy of the physiological apical foramen is limited. Knowing its diameter and shapes contributes to clinical work, specifically to the cleaning and shaping of the apical third. The aim of this ex vivo study was to determine the minimum and maximum diameters and shape of the physiological apical foramen in the roots of maxillary and mandibular first molars. A descriptive study was conducted on 89 recently extracted first molars. Roots 3–5 mm from the apex were sectioned and prepared for analysis at 40× magnification. The minimum and maximum diameters of each physiological foramen were measured using the program Motic Images plus 2.0 ML. The shape of the foramina, classified as round, oval or irregular, was determined by the difference between the maximum and minimum diameters. A total of 174 physiological foramina were analyzed. The average of the minimum and maximum diameters was between 0.24–0.33 mm in maxillary first molars and between 0.25–0.33 mm in mandibular first molars. In maxillary molars, the most common shape of the foramen was oval (50%), then irregular (32%), then round (18%). In mandibular molars, the oval shape was also the most frequent (59%), followed by irregular (23%) and round (18%). The findings of this study regarding the morphology of physiological apical foramina in first molars make it easier for the operator to choose the appropriately-sized instruments to perform endodontic therapy successfully.

SUMMARY:The aim of this study was to assess the morphology of the mesial root canal system of maxillary molars and the frequency of MB2 canals using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). A total of 1374 teeth, first maxillary (1MS, n= 802) and second maxillary molars (2SM, n= 572) of 508 Chilean patients between 8 to 77 years were evaluated through CBCT. The mesiobuccal root was evaluated in all three thirds. Root canal morphology was classified according to Vertucci's method. Data were analyzed by Pearson's Chi-square and Cuzick trend tests. MB2 canal frequency in 1MS was 73.44% and in 2MS 42.48%. The most frequent morphology in 1MS and 2MS were Vertucci type II and I, respectively. No statistically significant association was found between frequencies and side or according to gender (P>0.05). A positive association was found as the age increased in both 1MS and 2MS (P<0.001 and P= 0.023, respectively). Given the anatomical complexity of the mesiobuccal root and the frequent presence of the MB2 canal, the clinician must assume the existence of two canals in this root. CBCT scanning is a good way to initially identify this canal in the different root thirds.

Background:The aim of the study was to assess the number and anatomical classification of roots and root canals of first and second mandibular molars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a Chilean population. Materials and methods: This study evaluated the CBCT scans of 289 patients aged between 14 and 86 years, obtaining a sample of 1022 mandibular first and second molars. The number of roots and root canals was evaluated according to the anatomical classification proposed by Ahmed in 2016. Data were analysed using Pearson's chi-squared test and ANOVA. Results: Nine hundred fifty-one (93.05%) molars had two roots, while the remaining 71 (6.95%) molars had one root. The most frequent root and root canal morphologies found were: 2 MM M 2 D 1 (29.65%), 2 MM M 2-1 D 1 (22.3%) and 2 MM M 1 D 1 (13.4%) (M -mesial, D -distal), with a total of 32 different anatomical distributions. C-shaped canals were present in 56 molars and were more frequently found in women than in men (7.1% vs. 3.88%; p = 0.024). Conclusions: The analysis of internal anatomy using CBCT revealed a highly variable distribution of root canals. The most frequent morphology found in mandibular molars in a Chilean population was two roots and three canals.

La gerontología es la ciencia que trata de la vejez y de los fenómenos psicológicos, sociológicos y económicos que la caracterizan. Desde la vertiente sociológica se acuñó el término viejismo, que hace alusión al proceso de elaboración de estereotipos y discriminación sistemática contra las personas debido a que son mayores. Diversas proyecciones demográficas indican un crecimiento constante de la población adulta mayor, por lo que el viejismo adquiere entonces una gran importancia. Objetivos: Determinar las actitudes hacia los adultos mayores que presentan los estudiantes de Odontología de la Universidad San Sebastián, sede Santiago. Material y Métodos: Se aplicó la escala de actitudes hacia el adulto mayor de Kogan (KAOP), validada en español, en 158 alumnos de tres cohortes distintas de la carrera. Resultados: Los estudiantes que formaron parte de este estudio reportaron tener en promedio, una actitud negativa hacia el adulto mayor (valor KAOP 131,73). No hay diferencias estadísticamente significativas por género ni por año académico en los datos observados. Conclusiones: La actitud hacia el adulto mayor observada entre los estudiantes de Odontología de la Universidad San Sebastián, sede Santiago, es negativa, sin encontrarse diferencias por género ni por nivel. Se requieren más estudios en el tema, para dilucidar las posibles causas.

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