The Raman Laser Spectrometer (RLS) on board the ESA/Roscosmos ExoMars 2020 mission will provide precise identification of the mineral phases and the possibility to detect organics on the Red Planet. The RLS will work on the powdered samples prepared inside the Pasteur analytical suite and collected on the surface and subsurface by a drill system. Raman spectroscopy is a well-known analytical technique based on the inelastic scattering by matter of incident monochromatic light (the Raman effect) that has many applications in laboratory and industry, yet to be used in space applications. Raman spectrometers will be included in two Mars rovers scheduled to be launched in 2020. The Raman instrument for ExoMars 2020 consists of three main units:(1) a transmission spectrograph coupled to a CCD detector; (2) an electronics box, including the excitation laser that controls the instrument functions; and (3) an optical head with an autofocus mechanism illuminating and collecting the scattered light from the spot under investigation. The optical head is connected to the excitation laser and the spectrometer by optical fibers. The instrument also has two targets positioned inside the rover analytical laboratory for onboard Raman spectral calibration. The aim of this article was to present a detailed description of the RLS instrument, including its operation on Mars. To verify RLS operation before launch and to prepare science scenarios for the mission, a simulator of the sample analysis chain has been developed by the team. The results obtained are also discussed. Finally, the potential of the Raman instrument for use in field conditions is addressed. By using a ruggedized prototype, also developed by our team, a wide range of terrestrial analog sites across the world have been studied. These investigations allowed preparing a large collection of real, in situ spectra of samples from different geological processes and periods of Earth evolution. On this basis, we are working to develop models for interpreting analog processes on Mars during the mission.

Parity modestly influences BMI, but does not seem to be related to WC, WHR and WHtR after controlling by confounders. Parity can increase adiposity but not necessarily following an abdominal pattern.

En niños, la obesidad general y visceral se asocian con mayor riesgo cardiometabólico. El aumento en la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico (SM) en niños y adolescentes empeora el riesgo cardiovascular. Necesitamos contar con nuevos marcadores que permitan predecir el SM en niños. Objetivo: Comparar índice de masa corporal (zIMC) con razón cintura estatura (RCE) como predictores de SM en niños chilenos. Método: Estudio transversal en 618 escolares, edad 10.8± 1.9 años, 51.6 % mujeres, 190 eutróficos, 174 sobrepeso, 254 obesos, estrato socioeconómico medio y medio bajo, área urbana de Santiago. Determinamos peso, talla, circunferencia de cintura, presión arterial, perfil lipídico y glicemia. Diagnóstico de SM basado en la presencia de ≥ 3 criterios de Cook. El SM se modeló en función de RCE y z score IMC , con modelos de regresión logística. Se usaron curvas ROC para comparar RCE y zIMC como predictores de SM. Punto de corte según índice de YOUDEN.

No abstract

La gerontología es la ciencia que trata de la vejez y de los fenómenos psicológicos, sociológicos y económicos que la caracterizan. Desde la vertiente sociológica se acuñó el término viejismo, que hace alusión al proceso de elaboración de estereotipos y discriminación sistemática contra las personas debido a que son mayores. Diversas proyecciones demográficas indican un crecimiento constante de la población adulta mayor, por lo que el viejismo adquiere entonces una gran importancia. Objetivos: Determinar las actitudes hacia los adultos mayores que presentan los estudiantes de Odontología de la Universidad San Sebastián, sede Santiago. Material y Métodos: Se aplicó la escala de actitudes hacia el adulto mayor de Kogan (KAOP), validada en español, en 158 alumnos de tres cohortes distintas de la carrera. Resultados: Los estudiantes que formaron parte de este estudio reportaron tener en promedio, una actitud negativa hacia el adulto mayor (valor KAOP 131,73). No hay diferencias estadísticamente significativas por género ni por año académico en los datos observados. Conclusiones: La actitud hacia el adulto mayor observada entre los estudiantes de Odontología de la Universidad San Sebastián, sede Santiago, es negativa, sin encontrarse diferencias por género ni por nivel. Se requieren más estudios en el tema, para dilucidar las posibles causas.

No abstract

Prevalence of hypertension in school age children and its association with obesity 6.7, 8.9, 13.6 and 26% in underweight, eutrophic, overweight and obese children, respectively (p < 0.01 (Rev Med Chile 2011; 139: 872-879).

Background: The socioeconomic position (SEP) and educational level of individuals have an inverse correlation with mortality in developed societies. Aim: To assess in a society undergoing a socioeconomic transition, the mortality risk associated to a low SEP (combination of education and income, scale 0-25 points, reference ≥10 points) and low education (education years, reference ≥8 years), adjusting for other known risk factors. Material and methods: In this prospective cohort study, a random sample of 920 subjects, living in San Francisco de Mostazal, Chile, aged more than 20 years (395 males) was examined for the first time in 1997-1999 and reexamined in 2005-2006. All had information about economic household income and level of education. A Cox regression model was used to evaluate the association between mortality and socioeconomic measures.