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Machine vision systems (MVSs) are an important component of intelligent systems, such as autonomous vehicles and robots. However, with the continuous increase in data and new application scenarios, new requirements are put forward for the next generation of MVS. There is an urgent need to find new material systems to complement the existing semiconductor technology based on thin‐film materials, and new architectures must be explored to improve efficiency. Because of their unique physical properties, two‐dimensional (2D) materials have received extensive attention for use in MVSs, especially in biomimetic ones: the human visual system, which can process complex visual information with low power consumption, provides a model for next‐generation MVSs. This review paper summarizes the progress and challenges of applying 2D material photodetectors in sense‐memory‐computational integration and biomimetic image sensors for machine vision.

2D layered photodetectors have been widely researched for intriguing optoelectronic properties but their application fields are limited by the bandgap. Extending the detection waveband can significantly enrich functionalities and applications of photodetectors. For example, after breaking through bandgap limitation, extrinsic Si photodetectors are used for short-wavelength infrared or even long-wavelength infrared detection. Utilizing extrinsic photoconduction to extend the detection waveband of 2D layered photodetectors is attractive and desirable. However, extrinsic photoconduction has yet not been observed in 2D layered materials. Here, extrinsic photoconduction-induced short-wavelength infrared photodetectors based on Ge-based chalcogenides are reported for the first time and the effectiveness of intrinsic point defects are demonstrated. The detection waveband of room-temperature extrinsic GeSe photodetectors with the assistance of Ge vacancies is broadened to 1.6 µm. Extrinsic GeSe photodetectors have an excellent external quantum efficiency (0.5%) at the communication band of 1.31 µm and polarization-resolved capability to subwaveband radiation. Moreover, room-temperature extrinsic GeS photodetectors with a detection waveband to the communication band of 1.55 µm further verify the versatility of intrinsic point defects. This approach provides design strategies to enrich the functionalities of 2D layered photodetectors.

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Multicolor carbon dots produced from green carbonaceous materials by disposing of food waste through the HTC process could be used as fluorescent probes to detect iron ions.

The intriguing carrier dynamics in graphene heterojunctions have stimulated great interest in modulating the optoelectronic features to realize high-performance photodetectors. However, for most phototransistors, the photoresponse characteristics are modulated with an electrical gate or a static field. In this paper, we demonstrate a graphene/C60/pentacene vertical phototransistor to tune both the photoresponse time and photocurrent based on light modulation. By exploiting the power-dependent multiple states of the photocurrent, remarkable logical photocurrent switching under infrared light modulation occurs in a thick C60 layer (11 nm) device, which implies competition of the photogenerated carriers between graphene/C60 and C60/pentacene. Meanwhile, we observe a complete positive-negative alternating process under continuous 405 nm irradiation. Furthermore, infrared light modulation of a thin C60 (5 nm) device results in a photoresponsivity improvement from 3425 A/W up to 7673 A/W, and we clearly probe the primary reason for the distinct modulation results between the 5 and 11 nm C60 devices. In addition, the tuneable bandwidth of the infrared response from 10 to 3 × 103 Hz under visible light modulation is explored. Such distinct types of optical modulation phenomena and logical photocurrent inversion characteristics pave the way for future tuneable logical photocurrent switching devices and high-performance phototransistors with vertical graphene heterojunction structures.

High responsivity, fast response time, ultra-wide detection spectrum are pursuing goals for state-of-art photodetectors. Cd3As2, as a three-dimensional (3D) Dirac semimetal, has a zero bandgap, high light absorption rate in broad spectral region, and higher mobility than graphene at room temperature. However, photoconductive detectors based Cd3As2 suffer low quantum efficiency due to the absence of high built-in field. Here, a Cd3As2 nanoplate/multilayer MoS2 heterojunction photodetector was fabricated which achieved a quite high responsivity of 2.7 × 103 A W−1 at room temperature. The photodetector exhibits a short response time of in broad spectra region from ultraviolet (365 nm) to short-wavelength-infrared (1550 nm) and reached 65 μs at 650 nm. This work provides a great potential solution for high-performance photodetector and broadband imaging by combining 3D Dirac semi-metal materials with semiconductor materials.

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