Image analysis using X-rays is an efficient technique for assessing the seed quality of several species, presenting itself as a rapid response method that is simple to execute, reproducible and non-destructive. Thus, this research adjusted a methodology that aims to relate the internal morphology of broccoli seeds to their physiological potential through radiographic analysis of seeds and computerized images of seedlings. The broccoli cultivars used were Piracicaba Precoce and Ramoso Santana represented by ten lots of each one. The study was conducted using X-ray imaging for seed analysis, in which the area, density and circularity measures were obtained as internal morphology characteristics of seeds. After a germination test, the seedling length was obtained 5 days after sowing. Multivariate analysis was carried out using principal components analysis. It was concluded that the X-ray test is efficient for evaluating the internal morphology of broccoli seeds and associating it with seedling length, thereby classifying seed lots at different levels of vigor.

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Resumo -Objetivou-se apresentar resultados sobre a morfologia de frutos, sementes, bem como a germinação e a descrição de estádios de crescimento das plântulas de Pilosocereus pachycladus. As sementes utilizadas foram obtidas de frutos colhidos na Fazenda Experimental Vale do Curu, em Pentecoste -CE. Foram utilizados 10 frutos para realização das determinações biométricas e morfológicas. Para a descrição da morfologia das sementes consideraram-se os aspectos externos e internos. Foram testadas duas condições de luminosidade (fotoperíodo de 12 horas e escuro completo) e três temperaturas (25; 30 e 20-30 ºC) dispostas num arranjo fatorial 2 x 3, no modelo inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições de 50 sementes cada. Efetuaram-se contagens diárias até o 16° dia após a semeadura para avaliar: porcentagem e índice de velocidade de germinação. Para a descrição e ilustração da morfologia externa da plântula, foi realizada a semeadura de 200 sementes em bandeja de polietileno. Avaliaramse os processos de germinação e crescimento das plântulas de facheiro durante um período de 150 dias, sendo caracterizados oito estádios de desenvolvimento, que foram baseados nas diferenças morfológicas observadas. Conclui-se que o fruto apresenta comprimento de 38,13 mm, espessura de 50,53 mm e 3786 sementes. As sementes de facheiro comportam-se como fotoblástica positivas e as temperaturas constantes de 25 e 30 ºC proporcionaram as maiores porcentagens e velocidades de germinação. Após 150 dias da semeadura a planta encontra-se com epicótilo em crescimento, com presença de grande quantidade de espinhos, e com 94,31 mm de comprimento.Palavras-chave -Cactaceae. Facheiro. Caracterização morfológica. Crescimento.Abstract -It was aimed to present the results on the germination, morphology of fruits, seeds and description of stages of plant growth of Pilosocereus pachycladus. The seeds were obtained from fruits harvested at the Curu Valley Experimental Farm, in Pentecoste -CE. Ten fruits were used to the realization of the biometric and morphological determinations. For description of the morphology of the seeds, were considered the external and internal aspects. Two light conditions (12 hours photoperiod and total darkness) and three temperatures (25; 30 and 20-30 °C) were tested in a factorial arrangement 2 x 3 arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications of 50 seeds each. Counts were done daily until the 16 th day after sowing and to evaluated: the percentage and velocity index of germination. For description of the morphology of the seeds, were considered the external and internal aspects. For description and illustration of the external morphology of germination and seedling, were sowed 200 seeds in a polyethylene tray. The processes of germination and seedling growth were evaluated during 150 days and eight stages of development were characterized and those were based on morphological differences observed. It was concluded that, the fruit measures 38.13 mm of length, 50.53 mm of thickness and 3786 seeds. The ...

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Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar alterações fisiológicas durante a ontogênese de sementes das pimentas malagueta e biquinho, e determinar o melhor estádio para colheita. As flores em antese foram etiquetadas diariamente e os frutos foram colhidos aos 25, 40, 55, 70, 85 e 100 dias após a antese (DAA). Em cada época de maturação, as sementes foram avaliadas quanto a: teor de água, massa de matéria seca, germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação e envelhecimento acelerado. O início do desenvolvimento das sementes foi caracterizado pelo acúmulo de matéria seca, e ocorreu até os 80 DAA, para pimenta malagueta, ou até os 70 DAA, para pimenta biquinho. Em sementes ortodoxas, como as da pimenteira, observa-se decréscimo no teor de água após elas atingirem máxima matéria seca. Aos 100 DAA, o teor de água foi de 14%, na pimenta malagueta, e de 15%, na pimenta biquinho. As sementes colhidas aos 25 e 40 DAA não germinaram. A percentagem de germinação aumentou entre os 40 e 70 DAA, e diminuiu a partir de então. A maturidade fisiológica das sementes de pimentas malagueta e biquinho ocorre aproximadamente aos 70 DAA, época ideal para colheita.Termos para indexação: Capsicum, envelhecimento acelerado, germinação, maturação, potencial fisiológico, vigor. Physiological quality of ''malagueta'' and ''biquinho'' pepper seeds during ontogenyAbstract -The objective of this work to evaluate the physiological changes during seed ontogeny of ''malagueta'' and ''biquinho'' pepper, and to determine the best stage for harvest. Flowers in anthesis were tagged daily, and fruits were collected at 25, 40, 55, 70, 85, and 100 days after anthesis (DAA). In each maturation time, seeds were evaluated for water content, dry weight, germination, first germination count, germination speed index, and accelerated aging. The beginning of seed development was characterized by dry matter accumulation, which occurred until 80 DAA for ''malagueta'' pepper and 70 DAA for ''biquinho'' pepper. In orthodox seeds, such as pepper, after reaching maximum dry matter, a decrease is observed in water content. At 100 DAA, water content was 14% for ''malagueta'' pepper and 15% for ''biquinho'' pepper. Seeds harvested at 25 and 40 DAA did not germinate. Germination percentage increased between 40 and 70 DAA, and decreased thereafter. Physiological maturity of ''malagueta'' and ''biquinho'' peppers occurs at approximately 70 DAA, which is the ideal time for harvest.

-This work aimed to evaluate the germination and morphology of fruits, seeds and description of plant growth stages of mandacaru. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement, consisting of combinations of two light conditions and three temperature regimes. A daily count of the number of germinated seeds was performed until the 16 th day after sowing in order to determine the percentage, speed and time of germination. External and internal aspects were considered for the morphological description. The germination and the development of plants were evaluated for 150 days and featured eight stages of growth, based on morphological differentiation. The fruit has 154,66 ± 40,01 g mass, 82,26 ± 5,78 mm length, 62,63 ± 6,63 mm diameter and 1439 ± 189,78 seeds. The temperature of 25 °C under a photoperiod of 12 h provides the highest rate of seed germination and the seeds behave as neutral photoblastic. The germination is epigeal and fanerocotyledonary. The growth is slow and after 150 days of sowing the plant presents epicotyl with a large amount of thorns, where the whole plant is 325.30 mm in length.Index terms: Cactaceae, mandacaru, morphology, seedling growth.Germinação e morfologia de frutos, sementes e plantas de Cereus jamacaru DC RESUMO -Objetivou-se avaliar a germinação, morfologia de frutos, sementes e descrição de estádios de crescimento de plantas de mandacaru. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, num arranjo fatorial 2 x 3, constituídos pelas combinações de duas condições de luminosidade e três regimes de temperatura. Contagens diárias do número de sementes germinadas foram realizadas até o 16° dia da semeadura para a determinação da porcentagem, índice de velocidade e tempo médio de germinação. Para a descrição morfológica das sementes consideraram-se aspectos externos e internos. O processo germinativo e o desenvolvimento das plantas durante 150 dias foram avaliados sendo caracterizados oito estádios de crescimento, baseados na diferenciação morfológica. O fruto apresenta 154,66 ± 40,01 g de massa, comprimento de 82,26 ± 5,78 mm, diâmetro de 62,63 ± 6,63 mm e 1439 ± 189,78 sementes. A temperatura de 25 ºC sob fotoperíodo de 12 horas proporciona a maior taxa de germinação e as sementes comportam-se como fotoblásticas neutras. A germinação é epígea e fanerocotiledonar. O crescimento é lento e após 150 dias da semeadura a planta encontra-se com epicótilo com presença de grande quantidade de espinhos, onde a planta inteira apresenta 325,30 mm de comprimento.Termos para indexação: Cactaceae, mandacaru, morfologia, crescimento de plantas.

RESUMO -Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de xique-xique (Pilosocereus gounellei) armazenadas em diferentes ambientes e embalagens durante o período de seis meses. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, num esquema de parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas receberam a combinação de dois ambientes de armazenamento, câmara fria e ambiente natural, e três embalagens, saco de papel multifoliado, saco de plástico e vidro. As subparcelas constaram dos períodos de armazenamento 0, 2, 4 e 6 meses. Após cada período de armazenamento, avaliou-se o teor de água, a porcentagem, o índice de velocidade e tempo médio de germinação. A câmara fria é mais adequada ao armazenamento de sementes de xique-xique quando comparada ao ambiente natural. Neste ambiente, todas as embalagens testadas foram eficientes em manter a qualidade fisiológica. Em ambiente natural, as sementes acondicionadas em saco de plástico apresentaram a maior germinação (87%), porém o saco de papel multifoliado mostrou-se mais estável em todas as variáveis analisadas, com germinação de 58%, velocidade de 3,9 e tempo médio de germinação de 7,9 dias ao final de seis meses de armazenamento. Em ambiente natural, o saco de papel multifoliado, é a condição ideal para a conservação da viabilidade de sementes de xique-xique.Termos para indexação: Pilosocereus gounellei, germinação, potencial fisiológico, vigor.Storage of xique-xique seeds ABSTRACT -The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological quality of Pilosocereus gounellei seeds stored in different environments and types of packaging for six months. The experimental design was completely randomized, in split plots with four replications. The plots received two storage environments, cold chamber and natural environment, and three types of package, multi-layer paper bag, plastic bag and glass. The subplots received the storage periods 0, 2, 4 and 6 months. After each storage period, the seed moisture content, percentage of germination, germination speed index and mean time of germination were evaluated. The cold chamber was more suitable to store xique-xique seeds compared to the natural environment. In that environment, all the packages were effective to keep the physiological quality. In the natural environment, the seeds packed in plastic bags showed the highest percentage of germination (87%), but the multi-layer paper bag was more stable for all variables, with 58% of germination, speed index of germination equals to 3.9 and mean time of germination of 7.9 days after six months of storage. In the natural environment, multi-layer paper bags showed the best results to the conservation of xique-xique seed viability.

The present work examined the germination and morphology of the fruits and seeds of the cactus Pilosocereus gounellei (xique-xique) and describeb the different stages of seedling growth. Germination tests examined the effects of combinations of two illumination regimes (a 12 hour photoperiod and total darkness) and three temperature regimes (25, 30, and 20-30 ºC) on the seeds of this species. Germination counts were made daily until the 16th day after sowing and the germination percentage and velocity index, and average germination time were evaluated. Descriptions of seed morphology considered both their external and internal aspects. The processes of germination and seedling growth were evaluated during 150 days and eight developmental stages were identified based on morphological changes. The fruits of the xique-xique cactus are 40.67 ± 4.40 mm long and 48.09 ± 3.23 mm in diameter, weigh 53.85 ± 10.03 g, and contain 3713 ± 689.50 seeds. Alternating temperatures of 20-30 ºC together with a photoperiod of 12 hours of light resulted in the highest seed germination rate. The seeds are positively photoblastic and germination is epigeal and fanerocotyledonary. Seedling growth is slow, but at 150 days after sowing the plants had developed epicotyls, large numbers of thorns, and the whole plant averaged 59.56 mm in height