<p>Thymoquinone, one of the essential oil in the structure of cumin, is used for alternative therapy for many diseases from past to present. It was shown to have anti-carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as positive effects on fibrosis. However, there is no study on the effect of thymoquinone on cancer and fibrosis mechanism in bronchial epithelium cell line BEAS-2B. In our study, the effect of thymoquinone on cell viability and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) level, which has an important role in the regulation of many biological processes including cancer and fibrosis-associated signal transduction, was evaluated. BEAS-2B cells were exposed to thymoquinone at 0–80 μmol/L concentrations for 24-, 48- and 72-hour durations. Cell viability was evaluated with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test. TGF-β1 level was determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method from the collected supernatant. Cell viability was found to be increased at all concentrations and durations (10–80 μmol/L; 24, 48 and 72 h) according to the control group (0 μmol/L; thymoquinone in ethanol) (p < 0.0001). Moreover, thymoquinone was found to increase the level of TGF-β1 only at 80 μmol/L concentration and 24-hour exposure period (0 μmol/L, 53.41 ± 18.44 pgr/ml TGF-β1; 80 μmol/L, 174.5 ± 80.03 pgr/ml TGF-β1). As a result, thymoquinone was found to increase cell proliferation and encourage TGF-β1 release.</p>
Autophagy is the catabolic mechanism that involves cell degradation of unnecessary or dysfunctional cellular components through the actions of lysosomes. It helps to keep the cells alive in such cases like oxidative stress, lack of nutrients and growth factors providing recycling of intracellular molecules. However, it works as a part of metabolism regulation, morphogenesis, cell differentiation, senescence, cell death and immune system. There are three subtype including macro-autophagy, microautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy. As a result of impairment of this mechanism, pathological situations arise including cancer, neurodegenerative and infectious diseases. Consequently, researches about autophagy mechanism are important for the development of novel diagnosis, follow-up and treatment modalities in health problems. For the first time, the review purposes to provide three subtypes of autophagy to reader. Key words: Autophagy, Macro-autophagy, Micro-autophagy, Chaperone-mediated autophagy ÖZET Otofaji, gereksiz ya da disfonksiyonel hücresel komponentlerin lizozomlar aracılığıyla parçalandığı katabolik bir mekanizmadır. Oksidatif stres, besin ve büyüme faktörü yokluğu gibi durumlarda hücre içi moleküllerin geri dönüşümünü sağlayarak hücrenin hayatta kalmasına yardımcı olur. Diğer taraftan, metabolizmanın düzenlenmesi, morfogenezis, hücre farklılaşması, yaşlanma, hücre ölümü ve bağışıklık sisteminin bir parçası olarakta çalışır. Makrootofaji, mikrootofaji ve şaperon aracılı otofaji olmak üzere üç alt tipi vardır. Bu mekanizmanın bozulması neticesinde kanser, nörodejeneratif ve enfeksiyon hastalıkları gibi patolojik durumlar ortaya çıkmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, otofajik mekanizması hakkındaki araştırmalar çeşitli sağlık problemleri için yeni tanı, takip ve tedavi yöntemlerine ışık tutma potansiyeli nedeniyle çok büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu derleme, ilk olarak, otofajinin üç alt tip
Background: Acne vulgaris is the most common inflammatory skin disease. It is primarily observed in adolescents and is characterized by comedones, papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts on the face, back, chest, chin, and body skin. Acne vulgaris affects about 80% of teenagers and continues beyond the age of 25 years in 3% of men and 12% of women in the world. Isotretinoin is one of the most common treatment agents for acne vulgaris, which causes oxidative DNA damage in the cell. As an important indicator of oxidative DNA damage, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine is repaired with an enzyme called human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (hOGG1). Objectives: We aimed to evaluate oxidative DNA damage in acne vulgaris before and after isotretinoin treatment by measuring the 8-OHdG and hOGG1 levels. Methods: The 8-OHdG and hOGG1 levels were evaluated from serum samples using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Both the serum 8-OHdG (P < 0.05; P < 0.0001) and hOGG1 (P < 0.05; P = 0.04) levels were found to be statistically higher in the sixth month after isotretinoin treatment. Results: In this first report, the 8-OHdG and hOGG1 levels were found to be statistically significantly high after isotretinoin treatment. According to our results, the 8-OHdG level increased under isotretinoin administration in acne vulgaris patients. Conclusions: Consequently, healing via hOGG1 likely continues after dropping isotretinoin for DNA.
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