The benefits of increased hybrid vigor, which often occur crossing unrelated plants or animals, have been recognized for centuries. In this study, hexaploid oat genotypes E44, K1, and A52 belong to A. sativa and A45 belonging to A. byzantina species were crossed. Heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis values were calculated for 11 traits on 12 hybrids belong to K1 x E44 cross (ten hybrids), K1 x A45 cross (one hybrid) and K1 x A52 cross (one hybrid) with the parents. According to the results, parents varied for all traits while hybrids were varied for flag leaf length (FLL), tiller number (TN), 1000-grain weight (1000-GW), grain number per panicle (GNP), grain weight per panicle (GWP), single plant grain yield (SPGY) and biomass (B). K1 x A52 cross had the highest plant height (PH, 201.0 cm), TN (22) and 1000-GW (47.1 g). On the other hand, the highest stem diameter (SD, 9.0 mm), flag leaf width (FLW, 4.0 cm), panicle length (PL, 53.0 cm), GNP(98.0) and GWP (3.2 g) were obtained from K1 x A45 cross. However, K1 x E44 cross had the highest FLL (42.7 cm), SPGY (42.6 g) and B (108.7 g) values. Heterosis values of the oat crosses were significant for all traits except stem diameter, flag leaf length and panicle length, while stem diameter and panicle length for heterobeltiosis and plant height and stem diameter for standard heterosis. Heterosis values were ranked between -26.8 and 282.3% while heterobeltiosis values were between -45.6 and 248.0%, and standard heterosis values were between -2.7 and 419.0%. The highest heterosis and standard heterosis values (282.3 and 419.0%, respectively) were determined for SPGY in K1 x E44 population, while the highest heterobeltiosis value (248.0%) was determined for biomass in K1 x A52 population.
In this study, the combined ability effects and heterosis were determined for number of days to anthesis (AT), plant height (PH), fertile tillers plant -1 (FT), spike length (SL), spikelets spike-1 (SS) and grains spike -1 (GS), 1000-kernel weight (TW), and grain yield plant -1 (GY) of 4 triticale genotypes [Karma (G1), Presto (G2), Ayşehanım (G3), and Mehmetbey (G4)] and their 6 F 1 offspring. The mean squares of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were statistically significant for all traits. According to the GCA/SCA, additive gene effects were found for all traits. According to the desired values for traits on the basis of GCA and SCA, parents G1 were good general combiners for 3 traits, G3 for 6, and G4 for 6. Crosses G1 × G2 were good specific combiners for 3 traits, G1 × G3 for 3, G1 × G4 for 3, G2 × G3 for 5, G2 × G4 for 6, and G3 × G4 for 4. Heterosis and heterobeltiosis were -16.78% and -25.71% for AT, -1.66% and -11.02% for PH, 34.25% and 9.87% for FT, 14.62% and 11.44% for SL, 8.09% and 3.87% for SS, 4.57% and 0.91% for GS, 9.67% and 6.13% for TW, and 30.36% and 9.11% for GY, respectively. The results revealed that G2 × G3 and G2 × G4 combinations could be recommended for improved yield of triticale.
Yulaf bitkisinde moleküler araçlar buğday, mısır ve arpaya göre daha az olmakla birlikte son zamanlarda, oldukça önemli miktarda basit dizi tekrarları (SSR) ve tek nükleotid poliformizmi (SNP) markörleri geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, SSR markörleri kullanılarak farklı gen bankalarından elde edilen Türkiye orijinli 384 yulaf genotipinin genetik çeşitliliği incelenmiştir. Yulaf genotipleri saksılara ekilmiş ve yapraklarından DNA izolasyonu yapılmıştır. PCR ve elektroforez işleminden sonra DNA bantları skorlanmış, elde edilen veriler NTSYSpc 2.21q analiz programları kullanılarak filogenetik ağaç oluşturulmuştur. Moleküler karakterizasyon çalışmaları sonucunda, yulaf genotipleri 40 SSR markörü ile genotiplenmiş ve 130 allel elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen bantlar kullanılarak oluşturulan dendograma bakıldığında Ülkemiz genetik kaynaklarından olan yerel yulafların oldukça geniş bir varyasyon gösterdikleri belirlenmiştir. Genotipik verilerin analizi sonucunda yerel yulaf çeşitlerinin geniş bir dağılımla birlikte temelde % 51'lik genetik benzerlik gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada kullanılan SSR markörlerinden AB_AM_467, AB_AM_829 ve AB_AM_874 markörleri 5 allel ile en çok bant elde edilen markörler olmuştur. Moleküler analizlerin en önemli sonuçlarından bir tanesi de genotiplerin birbirlerine akrabalıklarının yanı sıra, duplikasyonları önlemesi açısından TL462 ve TL464 genotiplerinin birbirlerine % 100 benzer bulunmasıdır. Araştırmada, Türkiye kaynaklı yulaf genotiplerinin birbirlerine olan genetik mesafeleri belirlenmiş olup, yulaf ıslah programlarında özellikle birbirlerine uzak akrabaların melezlenmesi ile genetik varyasyonlar artırılabilir. Bunun dışında tek tohum soyundan elde edilen yerel genotipler gen bankasına kazandırılmıştır.
The cultivated oat (Avena sativa L. and A. byzantina Coch.) is an important annual cereal and forage plant. A large collection of historical oat landraces gathered from different diversity centers is maintained in various seed banks. A historical oat collection consisted of 174 Turkish landraces were evaluated for agronomic performance and mineral nutrient content. The experiment was arranged in an augmented design with six replications of 10 check cultivars and 29 landraces in each block. The most important finding of the study was that the landraces manifested a wide range of variation in all agronomic traits and that some historical landraces outperformed the check cultivars. Since it was dry for the grain‐filling period (GFP) in 2019, some drought‐tolerant landraces were identified. In addition, the top 10 landraces for yield and mineral content were also identified based on each year's performance as well as on the 3‐yr average. The landrace TL69/PI411401 was found to be prominent for high calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), boron (B), and zinc (Zn) content; TL86/PI167378 for Ca, P, potassium (K), and iron (Fe) contents; and TL71/PI411414 for Ca, P, B, and Zn content.
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