Objective: Inflammation is one of the most common complications observed when using orthodontic miniscrews. Chlorhexidine mouthwash can beused to prevent and reduce the degree of inflammation, but long-term use of this solution may lead to some side effects. This study sought to evaluatethe peri-miniscrew antibacterial effect of 1% chitosan, a biomaterial with antibacterial properties, relative to 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash.Methods: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial was conducted at the Dental Teaching Hospital and Oral Biology Research Laboratory at theUniversity of Indonesia from February to June 2019. Thirty subjects (25 females and five males) were randomly assigned to rinse with 1% chitosan(n=10), 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate (n=10), and Aquadest (n=10) in addition to their usual oral hygiene procedure for 4 days. Peri-miniscrewclinical inflammation signs were recorded and peri-miniscrew plaque collected before and after 4 days of rinsing. The total bacterial and red-complexbacteria count in plaque samples were evaluated by a real-time polymerase chain reaction.Results: Chitosan and chlorhexidine showed antibacterial activity, reducing total bacterial count around orthodontic miniscrews (p<0.05). Theantibacterial activity of chitosan on total bacteria was not significantly different from that of chlorhexidine (p≥0.05). Regarding the antibacterialactivity of chitosan on red-complex bacteria, the best result seen was a 58% bacteria count reduction in Tannerella denticola.Conclusion: Chitosan has potential antibacterial activity and could be used in mouthwash to maintain peri-miniscrew hygiene.

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Objectives: White spot lesions after fixed orthodontic treatment will increase bacterial plaque formation due to increased enamel surface roughness. The aim of this study was to analyze the surface roughness of white spot lesions on enamel after a microabrasion technique, a microabrasion technique combined with calcium phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) application, and a microabrasion technique combined with fluoride application. Methods:Artificially induced white spot lesions on the enamel surfaces of 42 maxillary first premolars were randomly assigned into one of three treatment groups (n=14): (a) A microabrasion technique, (b) a microabrasion technique combined with CPP-ACP application, and (c) a microabrasion technique combined with fluoride application. A Mitutoyo SJ-301 surface roughness tester was used to measure differences in surface roughness before and after treatment, and the after treatment measurements were compared among the three groups.Results: A significant difference in surface roughness was noted for the white spot lesions on enamel before and after treatment in all groups (p<0.05). A significant difference was also found when comparing the after treatment surface roughness in all groups. Conclusion:The combination of the microabrasion technique with CPP-ACP application significantly reduced enamel surface roughness when compared to microabrasion alone or the combination of microabrasion and fluoride application.

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Aims We evaluated the effect of chitosan gel on total oral bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis , Tannerella forsythia , and Treponema denticola , during orthodontic treatment with mini-implants. Material and methods Thirty subjects with 52 orthodontic mini-implants were divided into three groups: one group was treated with chitosan gel, the other group with chlorhexidine gel, and the control group with placebo. The plaque of the orthodontic peri -mini-implant area was collected before and after gel treatment. The total oral bacteria and red-complex bacteria of P. pingivalis , T. forsythia , and T. denticola were determined with reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Results Thirty-four orthodontic mini-implants (65.38%) appeared as healthy and showed no clinical signs of inflammation. The total number of bacteria was reduced after chitosan gel application. The highest decrease in the proportion of P. gingivalis was observed in the chlorhexidine gel application group, which showed a value of 70.86%, whereas the chitosan gel application showed a reduction of only 26.59%, and the control gel application showed the lowest reduction effect of only 2.55%. The difference in the reduction between gel application groups was significant (P < 0.05) for T. denticola and T. forsythia . Conclusion The gel containing chitosan reduced the levels of total oral bacteria and red-complex bacteria.

Objective: The prevalence of enamel demineralization among patients after orthodontic treatment is about 50%, which begins with the formation of white spot lesions. The presence of these lesions causes esthetic problems. The aim of this study was to quantify the color changes in post-debonding white spot lesions after microabrasion technique with fluoride and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) application. Materials and Methods:This study used 42 first premolar teeth that had been extracted, then were soaked for 96 h in a demineralization solution (pH 4, 37°C) to form an artificial white spot lesions. Samples were randomly divided into three treatment groups (n=14): (A) Microabrasion technique only; (B) microabrasion technique with 10% CPP-ACP paste application; and (C) microabrasion technique with 1.23% APF gel application. All groups were assigned to pH cycling for 10 days. The color change was determined using spectrophotometer at 3 different time points, which were measured before and after production of the artificial white spot lesions, and after the artificial white spot lesions were treated. Results:This study showed that there was a significant difference in the color of the artificial white spot lesions after microabrasion technique with CPP-ACP application. Conclusion:Microabrasion technique with CPP-ACP application was giving better result in changing the color of white spot lesions than only microabrasion technique and microabrasion technique with fluoride application.

Skeletal Class III malocclusions are caused by maxillary deficiency, mandibular protrusion, or a combination of the two. This patient, in this case, may have a sunken in face, strong chin appearance. Most persons with Class III malocclusions, which is a dentofacial deformity, show combinations of skeletal and dentoalveolar components. Orthodontic therapy is usually aimed at compensating for the underlying mild-moderate skeletal Class III discrepancy and patients with severe skeletal Class III discrepancies require a combination of orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery to correct the underlying skeletal pattern. By considering many factors, the orthodontic treatment can be done on mild to severe skeletal Class III. These factors are facial profile, dental relationship and skeletal pattern. Those factors should be considered a starting point in making a treatment decision. They give the limitation of orthodontic treatment in terms of whether the occlusion could be corrected, or whether the deformity could be camouflage.

Pendahuluan: Profil wajah cekung dan anterior crossbite merupakan gambaran morfologi wajah khas pada maloklusi kelas III dan diperkuat oleh hasil analisis sefalometri lateral. Terkadang maloklusi kelas III disertai dengan ukuran gigi yang lebih kecil dari normal sehingga menyebabkan terbentuknya gigi bercelah. Gambaran tersebut tentu semakin mengurangi estetika wajah pasien maloklusi kelas III. Tujuan laporan kasus ini adalah menyampaikan perawatan maloklusi kelas III yang memiliki malposisi anterior crossbite dan central diastema. Laporan kasus: Seorang pasien wanita usia 32 tahun, berprofesi sebagai jurnalis datang ke RSKGM FKG UI dengan keluhan gigi atas bercelah, gigi bawah maju serta merasa senyum kurang menarik. Perawatan ortodontik dilakukan menggunakan protraction arch dengan tujuan menghilangkan anterior crossbite serta menutup gigi bercelah. Hasil perawatan selama 18 bulan, anterior crossbite dan celah gigi sudah terkoreksi, tercapai overjet positif, gigi insisif atas memberi dukungan bagi bibir sehingga profil wajah menjadi lurus dan penampilan menjadi lebih baik. Simpulan: Perawatan ortodontik menggunakan protraction arch pada kasus prognati mandibula dengan anterior crossbite dan central diastema memberikan hasil yang cukup baik karena diskrepansi dentoalveolar masih tergolong ringan, tidak terdapat diskrepansi transversal dan didukung oleh pola pertumbuhan wajah dalam rentang normal atau cenderung ke arah horizontal dan dapat memperbaiki fungsi pengunyahan dan estetika.Kata kunci: Anterior crossbite, maloklusi kelas III, central diastema, protraction arch. ABSTRACT Introduction: Concave profile and anterior crossbite are common facial deformity appear in skeletal class III, besides the lateral cephalometric analysis. Frequently, small-sized teeth appear in class III malocclusion cases which causes spacing. Spaced teeth caused unpleasing appearance. This case report described conventional orthodontic treatment for skeletal class III with anterior crossbite and central diastema. Case report: A 32 years-old-female journalist came to the Dental Hospital of the Faculty of Dentistry University of Indonesia complaining about her central diastema in the upper arch, forwardly lower jaw position and unpleasant smile. The orthodontic treatment using protraction arch aimed at correcting anterior crossbite and eliminating spaced teeth. An 18-months treatment successfully fixed the anterior crossbite and spaced teeth. Ideal overjet was achieved, upper teeth camouflaged the mid-face deficiency; therefore, create a balanced facial profile. Conclusion: Orthodontic treatment using arch protraction in the case of mandibular prognosis with anterior crossbite and central diastema gives good results because dentoalveolar discrepancy is still relatively mild. There is no transversal discrepancy and supported by facial growth patterns in the normal range, or tends to be horizontal, and proven to be able to improve the mastication and aesthetical function.Keywords: Anterior crossbite, malocclusion class III, central diastema, protraction arch.