Nickel and chromium ion release from stainless steel bracket on immersion various types of mouthwashes Abstract. The stainless steel bracket is widely used in orthodontics because of its mechanical properties, strength, and good biocompatibility. However, under certain conditions, it can be susceptible to corrosion. Studies have reported that the release of nickel and chromium ions because of corrosion can cause allergic reactions in some individuals and are mutagenic. The condition of the oral environment can lead to corrosion, and one factor that can alter the oral environment is mouthwash. The aim of this study was to measure the nickel and chromium ions released from stainless steel brackets when immersed in mouthwash and aquadest. The objects consisted of four groups of 17 maxillary premolar brackets with .022 slots. Each group was immersed in a different mouthwash and aquadest and incubated at 37 °C for 30 days. After 30 days of immersion, the released ions were measured using the ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer). For statistical analysis, both the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used. The results showed differences among the four groups in the nickel ions released (p < 0.05) and the chromium ions released (p < 0.5). In conclusion, the ions released as a result of mouthwash immersion have a small value that is below the limit of daily intake recommended by the World Health Organization.

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Objectives: White spot lesions after fixed orthodontic treatment will increase bacterial plaque formation due to increased enamel surface roughness. The aim of this study was to analyze the surface roughness of white spot lesions on enamel after a microabrasion technique, a microabrasion technique combined with calcium phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) application, and a microabrasion technique combined with fluoride application. Methods:Artificially induced white spot lesions on the enamel surfaces of 42 maxillary first premolars were randomly assigned into one of three treatment groups (n=14): (a) A microabrasion technique, (b) a microabrasion technique combined with CPP-ACP application, and (c) a microabrasion technique combined with fluoride application. A Mitutoyo SJ-301 surface roughness tester was used to measure differences in surface roughness before and after treatment, and the after treatment measurements were compared among the three groups.Results: A significant difference in surface roughness was noted for the white spot lesions on enamel before and after treatment in all groups (p<0.05). A significant difference was also found when comparing the after treatment surface roughness in all groups. Conclusion:The combination of the microabrasion technique with CPP-ACP application significantly reduced enamel surface roughness when compared to microabrasion alone or the combination of microabrasion and fluoride application.

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Objective: The present study aimed to compare the efficacy of two disinfectants against Gram-positive bacteria, particularly Streptococcus mutans,for use as a disinfectant for dental retainers.Methods: In total, 35 thermoplastic retainers in this study were categorized into three immersion groups: control group; mouthwash group, usingchlorhexidine 0.1%; and denture cleanser tablet group. The retainers were worn for 15 days, and Gram-positive bacteria were enumerated before andafter the retainers were immersed.Results: We found a significant difference in bacterial numbers between the two disinfectant groups and the non-disinfectant or control group. Bothdisinfectant groups had decreased numbers of Gram-positive bacteria.Conclusions: Disinfectant use is effective in decreasing the load of Gram-positive bacteria on thermoplastic retainers.

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Proper orthodontic treatment in adult patients with severe skeletal Class II discrepancy can be challenging. Recently, miniscrew implants have been used as a strategy to treat skeletal Class II patients. Objective: This report illustrates a skeletal Class II malocclusion management combining straight wire technique and miniscrew implant anchorage. Case report: The patient was a 21-years-old Indonesian female with Class II skeletal discrepancy, a retrognathic mandible, a high mandibular plane angle, and a mouth breathing habit due to a history of allergic rhinitis. Anchorage control is important in the sagittal and vertical directions. Miniscrew implants were placed in the interradicular area between the upper second premolar and first molar on both sides. Furthermore, en-masse retraction of the six anterior teeth was performed using miniscrew implants as the anchorage. After 16 months of treatment, esthetics and function were improved and the chief complaint of the patient was resolved. Class I canine and incisor relationship was achieved. These mechanics contributed to the correction of the gummy smile of this patient. Conclusion: Placement of miniscrew implants in the posterior regions of the maxilla effectively camouflaged a high-angle skeletal Class II discrepancy. This technique requires minimal patient compliance and is useful for the correction of high-angle cases in adult patients.