Fabric defect detection plays an important role in the textile production process, but there are still some challenges in detecting defects rapidly and accurately. In this paper, we propose a powerful detection method for automatic fabric defect detection using a deep convolutional neural network (CNN). It consists of three main steps. First, the fabric image is decomposed into local patches and each local patch is labelled. Then the labelled patches are transmitted to the pretrained deep CNN for transfer learning. Finally, defects are detected during the inspection phase by sliding over the whole image using the trained model, and the category and position of each defect is obtained. The proposed method is validated on two public and one self-made fabric database. The experimental results demonstrate that our method significantly outperforms selected state-of-the art methods in terms of both quality and robustness.
Photolyases can repair pyrimidine dimers on the DNA that are formed during UV irradiation. PhrB from Agrobacterium fabrum represents a new group of prokaryotic (6–4) photolyases which contain an iron-sulfur cluster and a DMRL chromophore. We performed site-directed mutagenesis in order to assess the role of particular amino acid residues in photorepair and photoreduction, during which the FAD chromophore converts from the oxidized to the enzymatically active, reduced form. Our study showed that Trp342 and Trp390 serve as electron transmitters. In the H366A mutant repair activity was lost, which points to a significant role of His366 in the protonation of the lesion, as discussed for the homolog in eukaryotic (6–4) photolyases. Mutants on cysteines that coordinate the Fe-S cluster of PhrB were either insoluble or not expressed. The same result was found for proteins with a truncated C-terminus, in which one of the Fe-S binding cysteines was mutated and for expression in minimal medium with limited Fe concentrations. We therefore assume that the Fe-S cluster is required for protein stability. We further mutated conserved tyrosines that are located between the DNA lesion and the Fe-S cluster. Mutagenesis results showed that Tyr424 was essential for lesion binding and repair, and Tyr430 was required for efficient repair. The results point to an important function of highly conserved tyrosines in prokaryotic (6–4) photolyases.
In this paper, coupled ocean-atmosphere responses to freshening over the Antarctic Ocean are investigated in a fully coupled model with a series of sensitivity experiments. In the model, 1.0 Sv (1 Sv [ 10 6 m 3 s 21 ) of freshwater flux is uniformly imposed over the Antarctic Ocean for 400 yr, while the ocean and atmosphere remain fully coupled both locally and elsewhere. The model explicitly demonstrates that a freshening of the Antarctic Ocean can induce a significant local cooling coupled with an intensification of the westerly winds and expansion of sea ice. Furthermore, the cooling can extend to the entire southern extratropical and tropical oceans coupled with an intensification of southeasterly trades and the equatorial trade winds. Some modest warm anomalies also occur in the northern extratropical oceans, forming a sharp interhemispheric SST contrast.A series of sensitivity experiments are conducted to understand the mechanisms responsible for transmitting the southern high latitude cooling to the tropics and the Northern Hemisphere. Experimental results demonstrate the important role of the surface coupled wind-evaporation-SST feedback and in turn changes of the subtropical-tropical meridional overturning circulation in conveying the southern high-latitude temperature anomalies to the tropics. The interhemispheric seesaw originates from the tropical-northern extratropical atmospheric teleconnection and is sustained by the subductive process of Antarctic subsurface warming. The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation is intensified in the first few decades of the freshwater forcing over the Antarctic Ocean because of a shutdown of the Antarctic deep convection, but it subsequently decreases because of the spreading of the fresh anomalies from the Southern Ocean to the Northern Ocean.
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