Studies investigating the relationship between maternal passive smoking and the risk of preterm birth have reached inconsistent conclusions. A birth cohort study that included 10,095 nonsmoking women who delivered a singleton live birth was carried out in Lanzhou, China, between 2010 and 2012. Exposure to passive smoking during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of very preterm birth (<32 completed weeks of gestation; odds ratio = 1.98, 95% confidence interval: 1.41, 2.76) but not moderate preterm birth (32-36 completed weeks of gestation; odds ratio = 0.98, 95% confidence interval: 0.81, 1.19). Risk of very preterm birth increased with the duration of exposure (P for trend = 0.0014). There was no variability in exposures by trimester. The associations were consistent for both medically indicated and spontaneous preterm births. Overall, our findings support a positive association between passive smoking and the risk of very preterm birth.

Postoperative adhesion is a common complication of abdominal surgery, which always has many adverse effects in patients. At present, there is still a lack of effective treatment measures and materials to prevent adhesion in the clinics. Herein, we report the potential use of J-1-ADP hydrogel formed by natural antimicrobial peptide jelleine-1 (J-1) self-assembling in adenosine diphosphate (ADP) sodium solution to prevent postsurgery adhesion formation. J-1-ADP hydrogel was found to have good antimicrobial activity against the bacteria and fungi tested and can be used to prevent tissue infection, which was thought to be one of the incitements of adhesion. Due to ADP being a platelet-activating factor, J-1-ADP hydrogel showed significant hemostatic activity in vitro verified by whole blood coagulation, plasma coagulation, platelet activation, and platelet adhesion assays. Further, it showed potent hemostatic activity in a mouse liver hemorrhage model. Bleeding was believed to be a cause of the formation of postsurgery adhesion. J-1-ADP hydrogel had a significant antiadhesion effect in a rat side wall defect–cecum abrasion model. In addition, it had good biocompatibility and degradation properties. So the present study may provide an alternative strategy for designing antimicrobial peptide hydrogel material to prevent postoperative adhesion formation in the clinic.

Based on the magnetic resonance coupling principle, in this paper a wireless energy transfer system is designed and implemented for the power supply of micro-implantable medical sensors. The entire system is composed of the in vitro part, including the energy transmitting circuit and resonant transmitter coils, and in vivo part, including the micro resonant receiver coils and signal shaping chip which includes the rectifier module and LDO voltage regulator module. Transmitter and receiver coils are wound by Litz wire, and the diameter of the receiver coils is just 1.9 cm. The energy transfer efficiency of the four-coil system is greatly improved compared to the conventional two-coil system. When the distance between the transmitter coils and the receiver coils is 1.5 cm, the transfer efficiency is 85% at the frequency of 742 kHz. The power transfer efficiency can be optimized by adding magnetic enhanced resonators. The receiving voltage signal is converted to a stable output voltage of 3.3 V and a current of 10 mA at the distance of 2 cm. In addition, the output current varies with changes in the distance. The whole implanted part is packaged with PDMS of excellent biocompatibility and the volume of it is about 1 cm3.

BackgroundEarly studies have suggested that biomass cooking fuels were associated with increased risk of low birth weight (LBW). However it is unclear if this reduced birth weight was due to prematurity or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).MethodsIn order to understand the relationship between various cooking fuels and risk of LBW and small for gestational age (SGA), we analyzed data from a birth cohort study conducted in Lanzhou, China which included 9,895 singleton live births.ResultsCompared to mothers using gas as cooking fuel, significant reductions in birth weight were observed for mothers using coal (weight difference = 73.31 g, 95 % CI: 26.86, 119.77) and biomass (weight difference = 87.84 g, 95 % CI: 10.76, 164.46). Using biomass as cooking fuel was associated with more than two-fold increased risk of LBW (OR = 2.51, 95 % CI: 1.26, 5.01), and the risk was mainly seen among preterm births (OR = 3.43, 95 % CI: 1.21, 9.74). No significant associations with LBW were observed among mothers using coal or electromagnetic stoves for cooking.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that exposure to biomass during pregnancy is associated with risk of LBW, and the effect of biomass on LBW may be primarily due to prematurity rather than IUGR.

Importance Exposure to ambient particulate matter during pregnancy has been suggested as a risk factor for preterm birth. However results from limited epidemiologic studies have been inconclusive. Very few studies have been conducted in areas with high air pollution levels. Objective We investigated the hypothesis that high level exposure to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter no larger than 10µm (PM10) during pregnancy increases the risk of preterm birth. Methods A birth cohort study was carried out between 2010–2012 in Lanzhou, China, including 8,969 singleton live births with available information on daily PM10 levels from four monitoring stations, individual exposures during pregnancy were calculated using inverse-distance weighting based on both home and work addresses. Unconditional logistic regression modeling was used to examine the associations between PM10 exposure and risk of preterm birth and its clinical subtypes. Results Increased risk of very preterm birth was associated with exposure to PM10 during the last two months of pregnancy (OR, 1.07; 95%CI, 1.02–1.13 per 10µg/m3 increase for last four weeks before delivery; 1.09; 1.02–1.15 for last six weeks before delivery; 1.10; 1.03–1.17 for last eight weeks before delivery). Compared to the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standard (150µg/m3), higher exposure level (≥150µg/m3) of PM10 during entire pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of preterm birth (1.48; 1.22–1.81) and the association was higher for medically indicated preterm birth (1.80, 1.24–2.62) during entire pregnancy and for very preterm during last 6 weeks before delivery (2.03, 1.11–3.72). Conclusions and relevance Our study supports the hypothesis that exposure to high levels of ambient PM10 increases the risk of preterm birth. Our study also suggests that the risk may vary by clinical subtypes of preterm birth and exposure time windows. Our findings are relevant for health policy makers from China and other regions with high levels of air pollution to facilitate the efforts of reducing air pollution level in order to protect public health.

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Our results suggest that folic acid supplementation and higher dietary folate intake during preconception and pregnancy reduces the risk of preterm birth, and the protective effect varies by preterm subtypes.

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