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SUMMARYThe seismic performance of the Bolu Viaduct in the Duzce, Turkey, earthquake of November 1999 was studied via a non-linear, time-history analysis of a multi-degree of freedom model. The viaduct had a seismic isolation system consisting of yielding-steel energy dissipation units and sliding pot bearings. The Duzce earthquake caused a surface rupture across the viaduct, which resulted in excessive superstructure movement and widespread failure of the seismic isolation system. The e ect of the rupture was modeled by a static, di erential ground displacement in the fault-parallel direction across the rupture. The ground motions used in the analysis contain common near-fault features including a directivity pulse in the fault-normal direction and a ing step in the fault-parallel direction. The analysis used a ÿnite element package capable of modeling the mechanical behavior of the seismic isolation system and focused on the structural response of a 10-span module of the viaduct. This analysis showed that the displacement of the superstructure relative to the piers exceeded the capacity of the bearings at an early stage of the earthquake, causing damage to the bearings as well as to the energy dissipation units. The analysis also indicated that shear keys, both longitudinal and transverse, played a critical role in preventing collapse of the deck spans. Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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The sudden rise of coronavirus in the world had various effects on the sports industry. Nevertheless, sports organizations around the world adopted new and different methods to manage the crisis, which in turn, enriched global knowledge of sports management. Also, some industries changed their products and adapted their structure and performance according to the new situation. The new Experiences gained during the pandemic showed that sports organizations need crisis management programs to deal with crises in the future. So, it's necessary to manage sports organizations with a different perspective and new plans to encounter future needs and problems. To do this, sports managers must learn from the experiences of the pandemic era and be prepared to predict the world in the future, and better manage their organizations.

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Nowadays sponsorship is an important part of sports events. Sports sponsorship offers more benefits, more variety and also it's a more powerful form of marketing. In general, sponsorship holds a unique position in the marketing mix because it is effective in building brand awareness, provides different marketing platforms and valuable networking and hospitality opportunities. Sponsorship marketing efforts can be influenced by culture. Especially when global sponsorship in sports which refers to sports events in different countries with different cultures, is under consideration. In such situations, sponsorship aspects can be affected by cultural obligations which are discussed in this article.

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