No abstract

Effects of gender differences and endurance training on exhaustive exercise induced-oxidative stress have been a question that has not been clarified in the literature. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of sex, acute exhaustive exercise and chronic aerobic exercise training on oxidative stress in the heart and the skeletal muscle. The study was carried out with 12 week-old male (n = 24) and female (n = 24) young adult Wistar rats. They were randomly divided into four groups: untrained, trained, untrained exhausted and trained exhausted. The rats in the trained group swam for 60 min/day, five days per week for eight weeks. Thereafter, one-half of the trained and one-half of the untrained rats were randomly selected into the trained and untrained exhaustive exercise groups, respectively. They were killed immediately after one last exhaustive swimming exercise. In the heart, endurance training decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the female rats at rest, but did not change in the male rats in the heart; MDA levels were also increased in female rats at rest in the gastrocnemius tissues. [corrected]. In the trained female rats, exhaustive exercise decreased MDA levels in the heart and gastrocnemius tissues. The nitric oxide (NO) levels in the heart in the untrained female rats were higher than in the male rats after exhaustive exercise. Training decreased the NO levels in both sexes in the gastrocnemius tissue at rest. In the heart, the untrained female rats had higher total glutathione (GSH) levels than in the male rats at rest. Also, exhaustive exercise decreased the GSH levels in the trained female rats. In the gastrocnemius, untrained female rats showed higher GSH levels than in the male after exhaustive exercise. The superoxide dismutase activities in the gastrocnemius were similar between the female and male rats. The results suggested that gender was a major determinant of changes in MDA, NO and GSH levels in the heart and gastrocnemius tissues after the exhaustive exercise or endurance training. Also, the responses to oxidative stress induced by acute exercise or training in the heart and gastrocnemius muscle tissues are different.

This study examined the combined effects of swimming training and coenzyme Q 10 (CoQ 10 ) supplementation on exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative stress in rat heart. The study was carried out with 4-monthold young adult male Wistar rats. Sixty four rats were divided mainly into two groups: trained and control. Each group was further divided into four subgroups: rest, exhausted, rest with CoQ 10 , exhausted with CoQ 10 . The training program consisted of swimming one hour each day, fi ve days a week, for six weeks. At the end of sixth week, rats in exhausted exercise group were forced to swim until exhaustion and then they were immediately sacrifi ced, while rats in rest group were sacrifi ced at rest. Training alone or in combination with CoQ 10 supplementation reduced to increasing MDA levels due to exhaustive exercise in rat heart (p<0.05). The trained-rest with CoQ 10 group showed lower 8-OHdG levels than the control-rest with CoQ 10 group. Exhaustive exercise effect was signifi cant on SOD activity. Exhaustive exercise increased GSH levels in control groups while decreased GSH levels in training groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, the results suggest that CoQ 10 supplementation combined with training may inhibit lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in the heart tissue. Also, it can be said that SOD activity and GSH levels were not infl uenced by CoQ 10 supplementation (Fig. 4

The aim was to investigate the changes in lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities, and muscle damage in the same and different exercise intensities during walking and running. Fourteen healthy males participated in this study. The subjects' individual preferred walk-to-run transition speeds (WRTS) were determined. Each subject covered a 1.5-mile distance for 4 exercise tests; walking (WRTS-W) and running (WRTS-R) tests at WRTS, 2 kmxh-1 slower walking than WRTS (WRTS-2) and 2 kmxh-1 faster running than WRTS (WRTS+2). Blood samples were taken pre, immediately, and 30 minutes post each test. The changes in (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and creatine kinase activities were measured. Oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide output, oxygen uptake per kilogram of body weight, and heart rate during exercises were significantly higher in both the WRTS-W and the WRTS+2 exercises compared with the WRTS-2 and WRTS-R. Oxygen consumption and energy expenditure were higher in walking than in the running exercise at the preferred WRTS and only WRTS-W exercise significantly increased MDA levels. Catalase activities were increased by WRTS-W, WRTS-R, and WRTS+2 exercises. Changes in SOD and CAT activities were not different between walking and running exercises at the preferred WRTS. Total plasma GSH increased in response to WRTS-W exercise, which could be associated with an increase in MDA. Also, total GSH levels 30 minutes postexercise were significantly lower than postexercise in WRTS-2, WRTS-W, and WRTS+2 exercises. Our results indicate that walking and running exercises at the preferred WRTS have different oxidative stress and antioxidant responses.

No abstract

In this study, the effect of long-term supplementation of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on the responses of swim-trained rat aorta was investigated. Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: untrained, trained, untrained+CoQ10, and trained+CoQ10 group. In the trained groups rats swam for 60 min/day, five days/week for six weeks. The CoQ10 supplements were administered by intraperitoneal injection at a daily dose of 10 mg·kg-1 of body weight five days/week for six weeks. Swimming of the rats was performed in a container containing tap water. Rats were sacrificed and thoracic aortas were removed for ex vivo analysis after the last swimming session. The aortas were cut into rings 2.5 mm in length. Concentration-response curves for phenylephrine (PHE, 10-9-3×10-4 M) and potassium chloride (KCl, 5-100 mM) were isometrically recorded. The sensitivity and maximal responses to PHE and KCl of aortic rings obtained from trained rats were lower than those of untrained rats. CoQ10 supplementation decreased the responses to both vasoconstrictors in untrained and especially in trained groups. Although neither CoQ10 nor training did affect malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PC) levels, creatine kinase (CK) activity decreased and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased only with exercise training. Glutathione (GSH) levels increased in CoQ10 supplemented-untrained rats. In conclusion, our results suggest that CoQ10 supplementation may have beneficial effects during exercise.

ÖZET GirişReaktif oksijen türleri, aerobik metabolizma sırasında sürekli olarak üretilirler ve çeşitli biyolojik antioksidanlar tarafından uzaklaştırılırlar. Antioksidan koruma her zaman %100 etkili olmayabilir. Prooksidanlar artar ya da antioksidanlar başarısız olurlarsa, moleküler ve doku hasarına yol açan oksidatif stres oluşur (1). Nöronal membranların oksitlenebilen çoklu doymamış yağ asitleri bakımından zengin olması; beyin dokusunun düşük seviyelerde antioksidan enzimlere sahip olması ve reaktif radikaller üretimini katalize edebilen demir gibi geçiş metallerini yüksek oranda içermesi nedeni ile merkezi sinir sistemi serbest radikalle duyarlıdır (2).Reaktif oksijen türleriyle ilişkili bazı hastalıkların (örneğin kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, tip II diyabet, romatoid artrit, Alzheimer ve Parkinson hastalığı ve bazı kanser türleri) düzenli fiziksel egzersiz yapanlarda daha az görüldüğü bildirilmektedir (3). Ayrıca düzenli yapılan egzersizin kan basıncını düşürmesi, beyin plastisitesini artırması veObjective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of coenzyme Q 10 supplementation (CoQ 10 ) and regular exercise on exhaustive-exercise induced oxidative stress and antioxidant response in rat brain. Materials and Methods:The experiments were carried out with young adult male Wistar rats. The rats were randomly assigned to one of the following eight groups: Untrained, trained, untrained exhausted, trained exhausted, untrained+CoQ 10 , trained+CoQ 10 , untrained exhausted+CoQ 10 and trained exhausted+CoQ 10 . The rats in the trained groups swam for 60 min/day, five days per week for six weeks. The CoQ 10 supplements were administered at a daily dose of 10 mg.kg -1 of body weight five days/week. Results:The levels of malondialdehyde and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in the brain were not affected by exhaustive exercise, training and CoQ 10 supplementation. The exhaustive exercise decreased GSH levels in the control group, while it increased in untrained and trained exhausted+CoQ 10 groups. Swimming training increased SOD activity in the brain, but exhaustive exercise did not change its activity. CoQ 10 supplementation increased SOD activity in control group, while it decreased in the trained group. Conclusion:The results suggested that exhaustive exercise does not cause lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in the brain. It can be said that regular exercise alone may be adequate for the positive effects on antioxidant enzymes in brain.Key words: Brain, exercise, coenzyme Q 10 , oxidative stress, antioxidants Amaç: Bu çalışma, koenzim Q 10 (CoQ 10 ) desteğinin ve dayanıklılık antrenmanlarının sıçan beyin dokusunda tükenme egzersiziyle oluşan oksidatif hasar ve antioksidan enzim düzeyle-ri üzerine etkilerinin araştırılması amacıyla yapıldı. Gereç ve Yöntemler:Çalışmada dört aylık 64 adet Wistar Albino türü genç yetişkin erkek sıçan kullanıldı. Sıçanlar antrenman ve kontrol olmak üzere iki ana gruba ve bu gruplar da istirahat, tükenme egzersizi, CoQ 10 +istirahat, CoQ 10 +tükenme egzersizi olmak üzere dörder a...

The population of this study, which was carried out to evaluate the different variables of social intelligence levels of athletes in different branches, included the athletes who participated in group competitions of the sports federations of badminton, basketball, wrestling, hockey, karate, judo, softball, water polo, and table tennis in Turkey, and the sample group consisted of a total of 387 active athletes, 219 females and 168 males with an average age of 15,05 ± 2,06; who participated in competitions and voluntarily accepted to participate in the study. In addition to the demographic form, the Tromso Social Intelligence Scale developed by Silvera et al. (2001) and validity and reliability in Turkish made by Doğan and Çetin (2009) was used to collect data in the study. As a result, while there were no significant differences in the social intelligence levels of the athletes in terms of the gender variable, it was found that they had significant differences according to the sports branch, education level, duration of sportsmanship, and the education level of parents. In this study, it was determined that the athletes got a moderate score from the Tromso Social Intelligence Scale.