Accelerated digitalization, uncertainty, rapidly changing work environment, and the spread of remote employment due to quarantine restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have led to differentiated requirements for HR managers in different sectors of the economy and the need to get quickly adjusted to new working conditions. This implies an increased importance of transferable competencies for HR managers, especially in advancing their flexibility and expanding employment opportunities. That is why the study aims to develop a universal model of transferable competencies of HR managers based on the analysis of global and local trends in demand on the labor market. Furthermore, a methodological approach is used to assess these trends based on behavioral indicators in rapidly changing conditions. The paper used a comparative analysis of the international experience in forming HR competencies and trends in demand on the Ukrainian labor market. The findings highlight the current transferable competencies of HR managers. They included the abilities to communicate effectively, use digital technologies confidently, work in multitasking mode, manage people and projects, effective self-management, and work in a team. The developed model of transferable competencies of HR managers and methodical approach to their assessment based on behavioral indicators provide an opportunity to diagnose the level of their development for effective work of HR managers in a distant mode, opportunities for trans-professionalism, and career growth.
The pandemic and war in Ukraine have significantly transformed management processes. This has led to increased requirements for managers’ professional and general competencies. Hence, the higher education system should be reoriented, considering new challenges and needs of the labor market. This study aims to identify the demand for current management competencies in the labor market for the positions of state and corporate management specialists and develop a theoretical and methodological basis for updating the standards of higher education in Ukraine. This paper employed statistical analysis and grouping to identify the demand for management skills in the labor market of Ukraine by processing 4,500 job advertisements at job websites. In addition, sociological and expert methods were used to confirm their demand among Ukrainian employers with an expert pool of 101 experts with more than 3 years of management experience. As a result, current management competencies are highlighted. The demand for them is confirmed by the high frequency in job advertisements (expertise in professional activities – 100%, leadership skills – 71%, digital skills – 65%, organizational and communication skills – 59% each, strategic skills – 52%) and by the expert survey. This made it possible to develop a model of management competencies, which is a theoretical and methodological basis for updating the standards. Furthermore, this comparative analysis revealed that there are no specific skills in the standards for master’s training.
The relevance of the paper is determined by the need to modernize social dialogue in Ukraine as a means of increasing the social responsibility of business organizations and a prerequisite for the country’s sustainable socio-economic development. The paper is aimed at reviewing and systematizing effective practices of modernization of social dialogue, which are revealed in the publications of foreign and Ukrainian scientists, high-ranking officials and public figures. These practices are considered from the standpoint of their expediency and the possibility of their implementation in the processes of social interaction of organizations of employees, employers and public authorities in Ukraine.A review of the foreign experience in organizing social dialogue convincingly demonstrates a fairly high level of efficiency in the European Union, which contributes to achieving a balance of interests of major economic actors, increasing their social responsibility. For Ukraine, it is expedient to introduce the European practice of the so-called broad approach to the organization of social dialogue, which provides for the expansion of its subjects at the expense of representatives of territorial entities, environmental, women’s, youth, cultural and other public organizations. The involvement of local governments, public and NGOs in solving the most important socio-economic problems will contribute to the spread of the practice of differentiating between social and public dialogue. In Ukraine, employee participation in corporate governance should be strengthened, access to shareholder income should be expanded, and institutional tools for regulating the collective bargaining process should be improved.
The application of fertilizers based on sewage sludge significantly affects the formation of the nitrogen fund of sod-podzolic soil, as well as changes in the content of mobile compounds of phosphorus and potassium exchange. The application of such fertilizer under Jerusalem artichoke has a positive effect on the nitrogen content of alkaline hydrolyzed compounds, in particular on increasing the content of mineral and alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen fractions. The application of sewage sludge at a dose of 20-40 t/ha and the appropriate compensatory dose of mineral fertilizers at the rate of N 90 P 90 K 90 helps to increase the content of ammonium nitrogen compounds from 16 to 20-22 mg/kg of soil in the upper (0-20 cm) layer -28% prevails over the control variant, as well as the content of nitrate nitrogen compounds in the layer 0-40 cm from 1.70 to 2.52-2.64 mg/kg of soil. The ratio of the content of alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen compounds to the nitrogen content of mineral compounds in the experimental conditions changes insignificantly, which indirectly indicates a relatively stable value of this indicator, which changes little under the influence of fertilizers. The application of sewage sludge as a fertilizer significantly affects the change in the content of mobile phosphorus compounds and potassium exchange compounds in the upper (0-40 cm) layer of the soil. However, from a depth of 60 cm, their content decreases sharply and approaches the initial values of the control version. Depending on the application of fertilizers, the indicators of the coefficient of concentration of macronutrients in the soil change significantly, which reflects the ratio of the content of the element in the soil to its content in the control variant. As the rate of sewage sludge increases, the element concentration coefficient increases from 1.27 in the variant with the application of only mineral fertilizers to 2.36 for potassium and for phosphorus -from 1.02 to 1.31. There is a close correlation between the content of phosphorus and potassium in the soil and the coefficients of their concentration. This relationship reflects the multiple coefficient of determination, which for phosphorus and potassium is R 2 = 0.69 and R 2 = 0.90, respectively. The use of fertilizers in the form of compost with sewage sludge and straw of cereals causes similar trends as the introduction of uncomposted sewage sludge. However, this effect has less radical impact with lower absolute nutrient content compared to the introduction of fresh sewage sludge. The application of sewage sludge in the form of compost and uncomposted form contributes to a significant increase in the content of macronutrients in the soil, providing an improvement in the mineral nutrition of cultivated plants, including Jerusalem artichokes.
The observations of plant development were carried out for three years. The most desirable period for harvesting the miscanthus is December. During this period, the humidity of the stems decreases to 17%. For this reason, the samples for laboratory tests were taken in December. According to the obtained research data, the sewage sludge used is characterized by the following indicators: humidity -76%, ash content -5%, nitrogen -0.66%, P 2 O 5 -2.51%, K 2 O v 2.16%. In this study, a mathematical model which allowed predicting the yield of the miscanthus at given levels, with the introduction of the mineral and organic (sewage sludge) fertilizers was successfully implemented. According to the performed research, the application of a sewage sludge in norm of 20-40 t/ha promotes the productivity of the power cultures (the miscanthus) within 24.5-27.1 t/ha, thus increasing productivity on 2.3-5.1 t/ha, compared with control.
Application of sewage sludge (SS) as a fertilizer contributes to the intensity of Zn, Ga, Y, Zr, Rh, Pb uptake by Jerusalem artichoke plants. Also, the translocation coefficients of Zn, Sr, Y, Rh, Pb vary in a wide range of values, depending on the level of use of SS. Jerusalem artichoke culture is characterized by a significant potential for biological absorption of Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Y, Nb and especially Rh, and the translocation coefficient of all studied heavy metals was ˃1. Jerusalem artichoke is characterized by certain features of intra-tissue pollution by heavy metals under the influence of SS application, which leads to an increase in this indicator compared to the application of mineral fertilizers in an equivalent dose of Zn, Y, Zr, as well as Ni, Cu, Ga, Sr, Nb, Pb in the highest doses (option 6). The use of SS composts with straw in the experiment leads to a significant decrease in intratissue pollution indicators compared to the application of fresh SS. Moreover, increasing the dose of compost from 20 t/ha to 30 t/ha contributes to the reduction of intra-tissue contamination of plants with Cu, Zn, Sr, Zr, Nb, Pb. The highest levels of the Integral indicator of vegetation cover pollution are determined by the application of fresh SS at the SS rate of 40 t/ha + N 10 P 14 K 58 . Jerusalem artichoke culture, given its significant potential for translocation of heavy metals, can be successfully used for phytoremediation of technogenically polluted areas and grown with the introduction of SS as fertilizers.
Utilization of sewage sludge during phytoremediation of territories and its introduction as fertilizer for energy crops requires testing for phytotoxicity of the soil cover, which will allow determining an ecologically safe dose of its use and minimizing the negative impact on agroecosystems. It will also contribute to the formation of optimal productivity of agrophytocenoses as well as optimize the nutrition conditions for intensive growth and development of cultivated plants. The research conducted an analysis of the impact of the increase in phytotoxicity of sod-podzolic soil from the introduction of fresh sewage sludge and its composts with various organic materials (sawdust of coniferous trees, straw of grain crops) on the formation of biomass productivity of energy willow during a repeated cycle of cultivation. Regression and correlation analyses were used to build a mathematical model of biomass productivity under the influence of changes in the phytotoxicity of podzol soil due to repeated introduction of sewage sludge under the energy willow. The obtained regression dependences show that the formation of phytotoxicity of sod-podzolic soil is most affected by the increase in the content of Pb and Cd. However, the introduction of the norm of fresh SS within 80 t/ha did not lead to an increase in the content of these heavy metals above the maximum allowable concentrations, although it contributed to an increase in phytotoxicity to an above average level. The maximum predicted productivity, depending on the content of mobile forms of heavy metals in the soil, is about 60 t/ha at a content of Cd = 0.25; Ni = 1.1 Pb = 4.6 mg/kg soil. As the phytotoxicity of the soil increases to an above-average level (phytotoxic effect 40-46%), the intensity of biomass accumulation of energy willow slows down somewhat. In general, after a repeated cycle of using the plantation during the 4-year growing season of energy willow in all options where fertilizers were applied, the productivity of wood biomass increased significantly compared to the control option by 7.7-17.4 t/ha and with the smallest significant difference between the indicators of the research options 4.23 t/ha.
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