The distribution of XRCC1Arg 339Gln genotypes showed a significant difference between patients and controls (p=0.025). The presence of at least one XRCC1 399Gln allele indicated an increased risk of AML and the proportion of AML patients homozygous for the Gln/Gln allele was significantly higher than in the control group (p=0.025). However, distributions of the XRCC3 Thr241Met, XPD Lys751Gln, and NQO1Pro 187Ser genotypes were not significantly different between patients and controls. Combined analysis of the studied DNA repair gene polymorphisms did not show an interaction with the detoxification NQO1 Pro187Ser polymorphism.

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The Alexandria laboratory colony and five field populations of Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) from Egypt were analyzed for genetic variation at 17 enzyme loci. The laboratory colony was characterized by a low level of genetic variation as measured by the average number ofalleles per loctus i(A = 1.70 t 0. 16) and the average expected heterozygositv dfie = 0.06 t 0.02). Polymorphismn was observed at 23.5% of the examined loci, and genotype frequencies at tawo loci P(PGM. AK-2) were tound to deviate slightly from the Hardy-Veinberg, equilibriumn. In contrast, the average nunmber of alleles per locus for field populations ranged fron A = 2.35 ± 0.20 to 2.76 " 0.10, and fie ranged from 0.15 = 0.03 to 0.21 ± 0.05. All hlci of field populations exhibited polymorphism, ranging from 47.0% to 76.5%. and four to seven loci in each population were found to deviate from the HardyWeinberg equilibrium. Deviations in both colonized and field populations were caused by heterozygote deficiency. Despite geographic isolation and some individual deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, no evidence of significant genetic difference was obtained for any of the populations sampled. Calculated indices of genetic distance and genetic identity for the five field populations showed minor variation but were collectively representative of a single, genetically uniform population. KEY WORDS Phlebotomus papatasi. genetic variation, polymorphismPhlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) has been reHuman cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) corded in Egypt from habitats ranging from heav-caused by Leishmania major (Mansour et al. ily populated urban centers to barren desert.1987. 1991) have been reported frequently from Given the extremely limited flight range of this the sparsely populated North Sinai, but few sand fly (WHO 1984), it is reasonable to consider cases originate along the Mediterranean coast or that Egyptian populations of P. papatasi from in the Nile Delta (Morsy et al. 1985(Morsy et al. . 1991. P. different habitats and locations may differ genet-papatasi, the recognized vector of L. major in ically. Variable morphological characters of some Egypt (Wahba et al. 1990), is found commonly in Egyptian populations of P. papatasi have been each of these areas. Recent work with P. papatasi noted (Schmidt & Schmidt 1962, Lane 1986 and from Egypt and Israel has shown that genetically may result from reproductive isolation or ecolog-stable strains, susceptible and refractory for L. ical partitioning. At one location, 30% of the major infection, can be selected within 13 genadult male P. papatasi examined were found to erations, and that selection for refractoriness to have atypical genitalia (Kassem et al. 1988), and infection is associated with a shift from polymor-P. papatasi from the Sinai express some morpho-phism to monomorphism at certain enzyme loci logical characteristics similar to a closely related (Wu 1989, Wu & Tesh 1990a .44). xatithine dehvdro----------------------------- .9). tions' genetic variability (Lorenz et al...

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Cellulose acetate electrophoresis was employed to detect 22 different enzyme systems in laboratory-reared populations of the sympatric Leishmania vectors, Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) and P. langeroni Nitzulescu. Electrophoretic conditions sensitive enough to permit as many as eight separate enzyme assays to be performed on individual specimens were developed. Under these conditions, 18 enzymes were detected with high resolution and regularity. Evidence was obtained which suggested that a number of enzymes in both species are under multilocus genetic control. Polymorphism was observed in 14 of 25 (56%) loci detected in P. papatasi and in eight of 24 (33%) loci detected in P. langeroni. Differences in electrophoretic profiles of malic enzyme, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and fumarate hydratase were considered to be genetically fixed in both sexes of P. papatasi and P. langeroni. Their detection may permit an accurate and more rapid separation of these vectors in field collections.