Evaluation of avermectins as sandfly control agents

Kassem, Hala A.; Tewfick, Maha K.; Sawaf, Bahira M. El

doi:10.1080/00034983.2001.11813654

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Independent of IVM, but with significant impact upon vector survival, we also demonstrated the deleterious effect of parasitism by L. major on the infected sand fly host. The effect of IVM, in vivo, on our infected and uninfected sand flies appears to differ from that obtained by membrane feeding uninfected, colony-reared P. papatasi with IVMspiked blood (Kassem et al 2001). We observed that the infected sand fly mortality associated with blood feeding on IVM serum levels of 7.7-16.3 ng=mL was negligible at 24 h but rose to 38-70% by 48 h. Similarly, for the high-dose treatment, groups of sand flies that blood fed on IVM serum levels of 66-80 ng=mL experienced 24-h mortality that ranged from 35 to 38%, but which rose to 65-100% by 48 h. This curious lag or delayed response to IVM that was seen in six separate cohorts of infected sand flies was unexpected.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

“…Psoroptic mange mites of cattle were similarly susceptible, with fecundity reduced to 50% by blood levels of IVM remaining 24 days after a single 200 mg=kg SC treatment (Guillot et al 1986). Kassem et al (2001) reported an LC 50 of IVM in P. papatasi of 13 ng=mL, a level more than 50 times and more sensitive than Cx. quinquefasciatus, but found that although sublethal levels of the drug reduced the number of sand fly eggs laid, there was no apparent effect on their hatch rate relative to untreated controls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Avermectin and IVM sensitivities and lethal concentration (LC) 50 of laboratory-colonized adult female Phlebotomus papatasi and P. langeroni have been studied by spiking blood or sucrose solutions with the drugs (Kassem et al 2001) but sand fly responses over time to blood levels of IVM in treated host animals has not been reported. Similarly, sensitivity of cultured Leishmania promastigotes has been reported from in vitro experiments (Rasheid and Morsy 1998), but in vivo sensitivity of Leishmania within sand flies to IVM acquired by blood feeding on treated host animals has not been described.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Ivermectin on Blood-Feeding Phlebotomus papatasi, and the Promastigote Stage of Leishmania major

Hanafi

Szumlas

Fryauff

et al. 2011

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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Ivermectin (IVM) is a chemically modified macrocyclic lactone of Streptomyces avermitilis that acts as a potent neurotoxin against many nematodes and arthropods. Little is known of IVM's effect against either blood-feeding Phlebotomus sand flies, or the infective promastigote stage of Leishmania transmitted by these flies. We injected hamsters subcutaneously with two standard IVM treatments (200 and 400 μg/kg body weight) and allowed cohorts of Leishmania major-infected Phlebotomus papatasi to blood-feed on these animals at various posttreatment time points (4 h, 1, 2, 6, and 10 days). Infected and uninfected sand flies that bit treated and untreated hamsters served as controls. Serum levels of IVM in low- and high-dose-treated hamsters were determined at the five time points. Sand fly mortality following blood feeding was recorded at 24-h intervals and, in relation to IVM treatment, was time and dose dependent. Mortality was most rapid and greatest among infected flies that fed nearest to time of dosing. Mean survival of infected sand flies after feeding on untreated hamsters was 11.5 days, whereas that of infected sand flies that fed 4 h, 1 day, or 2 days posttreatment on high-dose-treated hamsters (400 μg/kg) was 1.6, 2.1, and 2.7 days, respectively. Infected and uninfected sand flies that blood fed 6 days following low-dose IVM treatment (200 μg/kg) still experienced significantly greater mortality (p < 0.02) than controls. Promastigotes dissected out of surviving flies that fed on IVM-treated hamsters showed typical motility and survival. Moreover, 21.7% of IVM-treated hamsters developed lesions after being fed upon by infected sand flies. L. major promastigotes appeared to be tolerant to ng/mL blood levels of IVM that caused significant mortality for up to 10 days posttreatment in blood-feeding P. papatasi.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Ivermectin on Blood-Feeding Phlebotomus papatasi, and the Promastigote Stage of Leishmania major

Hanafi

Szumlas

Fryauff

et al. 2011

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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“…As expected, the results confirmed that female sand flies feeding on imidacloprid‐treated rabbit blood suffered a significant reduction in the their survival (Table 4). This result is consistent with previous studies that tested avermectins as a potential sand fly control agent (Kassem et al 2001). In addition, we observed significant reduction in the proportion of blood‐fed females in the insecticide treatments with the lowest proportion at the highest dose which also appeared to have the lowest survival.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Imidacloprid as a potential agent for the systemic control of sand flies

Wasserberg

Poché

Miller

et al. 2011

Journal of Vector Ecology

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Our goal was to study the effectiveness of the insecticide imidacloprid as a systemic control agent. First, to evaluate the blood-feeding effect, we fed adult female Phlebotomus papatasi with imidacloprid-treated rabbit blood and monitored blood-feeding success and survival. Second, to evaluate the feed-through effectiveness of this insecticide, we fed laboratory rats and sand rats with insecticide-treated food and evaluated the survival of sand fly larvae feeding on rodents' feces. In the blood-feeding experiment, 89.8% mortality was observed with the higher dose (5 mg/ml) and 81.3% with the lower dose (1 mg/ml). In the larvicide experiments, both sand fly species demonstrated a typical dose-response curve with the strongest lethal effect for the 250 ppm samples. Lutzomyia longipalpis larvae, however, were less sensitive. In all experiments, 1 st instar larvae were more sensitive than the older stages. First instar P. papatasi larvae feeding on sand rat feces passed the larvicidal threshold of 90% mortality at doses higher than 50 ppm. In comparison, in older stages 90% mortality was obtained with a dose of only 250 ppm. Overall, results support the feasibility of imidacloprid as a systemic control agent that takes advantage of the tight ecological association between the reservoir host and the sand fly vector. Journal of Vector Ecology 36 (Supplement 1): S148-S156. 2011.

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“…Kassem et al . (2001) carried out laboratory evaluations of two avermectins on the sandflies P. papatasi and P. langeroni , by presenting the compounds in blood (ivermectin) or sugar meals (abamectin).…”

Section: Review Of Available Sandfly Control Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of phlebotomine sandflies

Alexander¹,

Maroli

2003

Medical Vet Entomology

270

225

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Abstract. Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) transmit many zoonotic diseases (arboviruses, bartonelloses and especially leishmaniases) of importance to human health in at least 80 countries. Measures used to control adult sandflies (Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus) include the use of insecticides (mostly pyrethroids) for residual spraying of dwellings and animal shelters, space-spraying, insecticidetreated nets, impregnated dog-collars and personal protection through application of repellents/insecticides to skin or fabrics. Because the breeding-sites of sandflies are generally unknown, control measures that act specifically against immatures are not feasible, although the effectiveness of a few biological and chemical agents has been demonstrated in laboratory evaluations. Reports of insecticide-resistance refer to only three sandfly species (P. papatasi, P. argentipes and S. shorttii) against DDT in one country (India), although there are reports of DDT-tolerance in several countries. Current knowledge of sandfly susceptibility to various insecticides is summarized. Constraints and advantages of different compounds, formulations and delivery methods for sandfly control under different environmental conditions are discussed.

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Evaluation of avermectins as sandfly control agents

Cited by 7 publications

References 17 publications

Effects of Ivermectin on Blood-Feeding Phlebotomus papatasi, and the Promastigote Stage of Leishmania major

Effects of Ivermectin on Blood-Feeding Phlebotomus papatasi, and the Promastigote Stage of Leishmania major

Imidacloprid as a potential agent for the systemic control of sand flies

Control of phlebotomine sandflies

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