In the electroreduction of carbon dioxide, catalytic activities of the tetrasulfonated metal phthalocyanines(MeTSP) homogeneously dissolved in the Clark–Lubs buffer solutions were investigated by the measurements of current- and capacitance-potential curves. It was found that CoTSP and NiTSP were active but not CuTSP and FeTSP.

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This study provides early evidence of the beneficial role that vitamin E-bonded dialyzers may have in preventing IDH. Larger controlled trials are needed to confirm this original finding.

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SUMMARYToday the All Digital Phase-Locked Loop (ADPLL) is applied in many fields. However, previously proposed ADPLLs did not simultaneously implement a wide lock-in range and a fast pull-in. The proposed Dividing ratio Changeable ADPLL (DCPLL) is a method for automatically changing the dividing ratio of the counter in response to the frequency of the input signal and can obtain an extremely wide lock-in range. The output jitter will always be three or fewer pulses of the fast reference clock. By performing remainder control of the dividing ratio during multiplication, an output signal that is a multiple of the constant pulse interval and has jitter characteristics equivalent to the basic operation can be obtained. Furthermore, the initial pull-in is finished in one period of the input signal, which is the shortest time. Consequently, since a wide lock-in range and a fast pull-in can be simultaneously achieved, this DCPLL has many general-purpose applications and is effective in the reference clock source in all types of portable devices and in bit synchronization in data communication.

This study performed a fluid/material coupled numerical simulation of the first stage of non-spherical bubble collapse near a wall and investigated the stress state inside the elastic material of the wall according to the change in stand-off distance g between the bubble and the wall. The relationship between the collapse behavior of the bubble and propagation of stress waves was confirmed for typical collapse modes: pancake-shaped mode at g = -0.3, hemispherical mode at g = 0, microjet mode at 0.3 < g < 1.0, and detaching mode at g > 1.2. The stress influence area, which is an index of material damage, was estimated. At 0.3 < g < 1.0, the stress influence area caused by the microjet is narrow and shallow in the material; in contrast, that by the pressure waves spreads more widely and deeply, especially inside the material. This means that the pressure wave has a larger influence than the microjet on damage to a material even though the maximum value of the equivalent stress is nearly identical between the microjet and pressure wave. Additionally, the depth of the stress influence area at 0.3 < g < 0.5 is larger than that at g = 0, although the volume and the maximum stress are larger at g = 0 than at 0.3 < g < 0.5. This indicates that the case of toroidal bubble rebound attaching to a wall has the potential to cause deeper damage inside a material in comparison with hemispherical bubble collapse.

By high speed Liquid Droplet Impingement (LDI) on material, fluid systems are seriously damaged, therefore, it is important for the solution of the erosion problem of fluid systems to consider the effect of material in LDI. In this study, by using an in-house fluid/material two-way coupled method which considers reflection and transmission of pressure, stress and velocity on the fluid/material interface, high-speed LDI on wet/dry material surface is simulated. As a result, in the case of LDI on wet surface, maximum equivalent stress are less than those of dry surface due to damping effect of liquid film. Empirical formula of the damping effect function is formulated with the fluid factors of LDI, which are impingement velocity, droplet diameter and thickness of liquid film on material surface.