RESUMO -O objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar uma escala de severidade para algumas doenças do maracujazeiro, visando à identificação de fontes de resistência. Foram avaliados 75 acessos de Passiflora spp. em condições de campo, sob alta infecção natural dos patógenos, para a severidade da virose, nas folhas (VIFO), frutos (VIFR) e distribuição na planta (VIPL), bem como para verrugose nos frutos e ramos (VEFR e VERA, respectivamente) e antracnose nos frutos (ANFR). Houve alta variabilidade para resistência às doenças, embora poucos acessos tenham sido classificados como resistentes à VIFO, VIFR e VIPL, sendo que apenas um acesso de P. setacea (BGM237) foi considerado resistente aos três tipos de avaliações para virose. A maioria dos acessos de maracujazeiro-amarelo e roxo possui algum grau de suscetibilidade a um ou outro sintoma da virose. Quanto à VERA, acessos de P. alata e P. cincinnata foram mais resistentes, embora P. alata demonstre maior resistência a VEFR. Alguns acessos de P. edulis comportam-se como moderadamente resistente à VERA e VEFR. A maioria dos acessos de P. alata, P. cincinnata e P. setacea não apresentou sintomas de antracnose nos frutos. A escala de severidade adotada mostrou-se eficiente para a separação dos acessos de maracujazeiro em diferentes classes de resistência a doenças. Termos para indexação: Passiflora; melhoramento genético, resistência genética e variabilidade genética. DISEASE SEVERITY FROM PASSION FRUIT TO IDENTIFY SOURCES OF RESISTANCE IN FIELD CONDITIONSABSTRACT -The objective of this study was to use a severity scale for some passion fruit diseases, in order to identify sources of resistance. Seventy-five accessions of Passiflora spp. were evaluated under field conditions and high natural infection of pathogens. Symptoms of virus severity in the leaves (VILE), fruits (VIFR) and distribution in the plant (VIPL), as well as scab on fruit and branches (SCFR and SCBR, respectively) and anthracnose in fruits (ANFR), were analyzed. High variability for disease resistance was observed, although few accessions were classified as resistant to VILE, VIFR and VIPL. Only BGM237 (P. setacea) was considered resistant of these three types of virus evaluation. The most of yellow and purple passion fruit accessions showed some degree of susceptibility to one or another virus symptom. P. alata and P. cincinnata were more resistant to SCBR, although P. alata showed more resistance to SCFR. Some accessions of P. edulis were moderately resistant to SCFR and SCBR. The majority of P. alata, P. cincinnata and P. setacea accessions do not showed symptoms of anthracnose in the fruits. The severity scale proposed was useful to separate the accessions of passion fruit in different classes of disease resistance.

Citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) is one of the most important diseases for Brazilian citriculture. It is caused by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca, a xylem limited, cycadelid and budwood transmitted bacterium. In Bahia, the second most important citrus region in Brazil, CVC has been present since 1997. Our objectives were to characterize the regional spatial pattern of CVC and to establish a relationship between epidemiological variables and horticultural practices, as well as to evaluate whether control measures used so far have been effective and, based on that, to conceive suitable control measures. A series of surveys were performed in two regions of Bahia State (Recôncavo Baiano and Litoral Norte), along with a survey of horticultural and control practices associated with sampled groves. CVC was restricted to Litoral Norte region, especially to three municipalities along the border between Bahia and Sergipe States. The mean CVC incidence in these municipalities followed a gradient, higher in the countryside and decreasing along the coast. Presence and dissemination of CVC was related to poor nursery practices, a massive use of a susceptible orange variety, and an extreme concentration of orange groves in high incidence municipalities, as well as to the absence of specific CVC control. Considering that CVC was not found in Recôncavo Baiano, this region could be considered a "CVC free zone" by the local government. Keywords: Xylella fastidiosa, Citrus sinensis, Orange, CVC. RESUMO Prevalência, incidência e distribuição da clorose variegada dos citros na BahiaA clorose variegada dos citros (CVC) -causada por Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca, bactéria limitada ao xilema, transmitida por insetos cicadelídeos e por material de propagação -é uma das doenças mais importantes da citricultura brasileira. Na Bahia, segundo maior produtor do Brasil, a CVC está presente desde 1997. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram caracterizar o padrão espacial regional da CVC, estabelecer relações entre as variáveis epidemiológicas e práticas horticulturais e avaliar se as medidas de controle usadas até o momento tem sido efetivas. Uma série de prospecções foi realizada em duas regiões da Bahia (Recôncavo Baiano e Litoral Norte), assim como uma prospecção das práticas horticulturais e de controle da doença associadas aos pomares amostrados. A CVC está restrita à região do Litoral Norte, com maior incidência nos três municípios que fazem fronteira com o Estado de Sergipe. A incidência média nesses municípios seguiu um gradiente, maior no interior e decrescendo em direção ao litoral. A presença e disseminação da CVC foi relacionada ao manejo inadequado de viveiros, uso massivo de variedade copa suscetível, extrema concentração de pomares de laranja doce em municípios de alta incidência e ausência de medidas específicas de controle da doença. O Recôncavo Baiano poderia ser considerado como região livre da CVC pois nenhuma planta sintomática foi encontrada em qualquer das prospecções.

Recôncavo Baiano is an area favourable for the occurrence of citrus greasy spot (CGS) (Mycosphaerella citri), but there has been no study of this pathosystem in Brazil. This work aimed to characterise the temporal patterns of CGS-induced defoliation in sweet orange cultivars 'Bahia' (Washington Navel) and 'Pêra'. Temperature, rainfall and relative humidity were recorded, as well as weekly defoliation (fallen leaves/canopy m 2 or m 3 ). Considering the mean of fallen leaves per canopy m 2 , and mean canopy area, the total annual defoliation was estimated to be around 32 000 leaves per plant for 'Bahia' and 18 500 for 'Pêra' sweet orange. Spectral density analysis showed that defoliation has a 5-week-long main cycle for both cultivars. The proportion of symptomatic fallen leaves was never below 0.97. The monthly number of fallen leaves per canopy area was positively correlated with the mean CGS incidence on leaves. Defoliation was significant, resulting in a low leaf density throughout the year. Many defoliation cycles and the very high proportion of symptomatic fallen leaves assure a constant inoculum supply. Based on these results, CGS cannot be considered a minor disease, at least in Recôncavo Baiano.

Citrus greasy spot (CGS), caused by Zasmidium citri, induces premature defoliation and yield loss in Citrus spp. The epidemiology of CGS is well understood in high humidity areas, but remains unaddressed in Brazil, despite differing climatic conditions and disease management practices. The spatiotemporal dynamics of CGS were characterized in the Recôncavo of Bahia (Brazil) at four hierarchical levels (quadrant, plant, grove, and region). A survey conducted in 19 municipalities found the disease to be present throughout the region with an incidence of 100% in groves and plants, and higher than 70% on leaves. Index of dispersion (D) values suggest the spatial pattern of units with symptoms lies between random and regular. This was confirmed by the parameters of the binary power law for plants and their quadrants (log[A] < 0 and b < 1). No consistent differences were observed in the disease incidence at different plant heights. We introduce a compartmental model synthesizing CGS epidemiology. The collected data allow such a model to be parameterized, albeit with some ambiguity over the proportion of new infections that result from inoculum produced within the grove versus external sources of infection. By extending the model to include two populations of growers—those who control and those who do not—coupled by airborne inoculum, we investigate likely performance of cultural controls accessible to citrus growers in northeastern Brazil. The results show that control via removal of fallen leaves can be very effective. However, successful control is likely to require area‐wide strategies in which a large proportion of growers actively manage disease.

Progress, spread and natural transmission of Bahia bark scaling of citrus were evaluated in a trial where 240 screenhouse-nursed nucellar grapefruit plants -'Clason', 'Little River Seedless', 'Red Blush', 'Reed' and 'Howell Seedless' cvswere planted alongside and 5 m apart from a 10-year-old symptomatic 'Marsh Seedless' grapefruit orchard. Plants were distributed in 16 rows of 15 trees, with three plants of each cultivar per row. Eight trial plants were kept in screen cages. Incidence of symptomatic plants was assessed at 3-months intervals, for 5 years, and for further 2 years at irregular intervals. Cumulative maps of disease incidence were produced for each assessment date and used in all analyses. Temporal progress was analysed by nonlinear fitting of three disease progress models. Spread was characterised in three levels of spatial hierarchy by the following analyses: ordinary runs, binomial dispersion index, binary power law fitting, isopath mapping and nonlinear fitting of disease gradient models. The first symptomatic plant was detected 2 years after planting. In the last disease assessment, 5 years after the first, 98% of the unprotected plants were symptomatic. None of the screen-caged trees showed any symptoms. Bahia bark scaling progress was polyetic and best described by the logistic model. Ordinary runs analysis showed little if any evidence of transmission between adjacent trees. Diseased plants showed a very aggregated pattern inside quadrats (D > 5 and b > 1.53). Isopath mapping showed that main spread was only because of the primary inoculum source. Secondary foci were also observed, but they were never dissociated from main initial disease focus. Disease gradient followed wind direction, starting near the original inoculum source and was best described by exponential model. These results support a hypothesis of Bahia bark scaling transmission by air-borne vectors with limited dispersion ability.

13 mathematical model, meta-population model. 14 15 Abstract 16 Citrus greasy spot (CGS), caused by Zasmidium citri, induces premature defoliation and yield 17 loss in Citrus spp. CGS epidemiology is well understood in areas of high humidity such as 18 Florida (USA), but remains unaddressed in Brazil, despite differing climatic conditions and 19 disease management practices. We characterize the spatiotemporal dynamics of CGS in the 20 Recôncavo of Bahia, Brazil, focusing on four hierarchical levels (quadrant, plant, grove and 21 region). A survey conducted in 19 municipalities showed that disease is found throughout the 22 entire region with a prevalence (i.e. proportion of affected sampling units) of 100% in groves 23 and plants, and never lower than 70% on leaves. Index of dispersion (D) values suggest the 24 spatial pattern of symptomatic units lies somewhere between random and regular. This was 25 confirmed by the parameters of the binary power law for plants and their quadrants (log(A)<0 26 and b<1). Variability in disease severity at different plant heights (0.7 m, 1.3 m and 2.0 m) 27 was tested, but no consistent differences were observed. We introduce a simple 28 compartmental model synthesising the epidemiology of the disease, in order to motivate and 29 guide further research. The data we have collected allow such a model to be parameterised, 30 albeit with some ambiguity over the proportion of new infections that result from inoculum 31 produced within the grove vs. external sources of infection. By extending our model to 32 include two populations of growersthose who control and those who do notcoupled by 33 the spread of airborne inoculum, we investigate likely performance of the type of cultural 34 controls that would be accessible to citrus growers in Northeastern Brazil. Our model shows 35 that control via removal of the key source of inoculumi.e.

Phytophthora spp. are the causal agents of gummosis or foot rot, fibrous root rot, and fruit brown rot diseases that affect the roots, trunk, and fruits of citrus trees, causing severe economic losses. This work presents an updated systematic review addressing the defence responses in citrus against Phytophthora and the strategies to manage Phytophthora diseases. Applying a new method of search based on an explicit, rigorous, and transparent methodology. For this purpose, a systematic literature review was conducted using the databases available for academic research. The main plant defence mechanisms reported in the cited papers are the hypersensitivity response, cell wall reinforcement, production of pathogenesis-related proteins, and expression of defence-related genes. Moreover, the main strategies to manage Phytophthora root rot are organic compounds in the soil and biological control with fungi and bacteria. In addition, inhibition of Phytophthora gummosis or canker by applying new oomycota fungicides and reducing the incidence of brown fruit rot through the application of potassium phosphite have also been reported. Moreover, modern plant biotechnology techniques can help to accelerate the selection of resistant rootstocks in breeding programs, as controlled crossings for the generation of hybrids, somatic hybridisation, transgenic citrus plants, mapped genomic regions of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs), candidate genes, metabolic markers and comparative transcriptomic. These innovative techniques represent a suitable tool to breed new Phytophthora resistant rootstocks, which is widely recognised as the best strategy to face gummosis or foot rot, fibrous root rot and ultimately minimise the expensive use of pesticides in crop protection.

Phytophthora spp. are the causal agents of gummosis or foot rot, fibrous root rot, and fruit brown rot diseases that affect the roots, trunk, and fruits of citrus trees, causing severe economic losses. This work presents an updated systematic review addressing the defence responses in citrus against Phytophthora and the strategies to manage Phytophthora diseases. Applying a new method of search based on an explicit, rigorous, and transparent methodology. For this purpose, a systematic literature review was conducted using the databases available for academic research. The main plant defence mechanisms reported in the cited papers are the hypersensitivity response, cell wall reinforcement, production of pathogenesis-related proteins, and expression of defence-related genes. Moreover, the main strategies to manage Phytophthora root rot are organic compounds in the soil and biological control with fungi and bacteria. In addition, inhibition of Phytophthora gummosis or canker by applying new oomycota fungicides and reducing the incidence of brown fruit rot through the application of potassium phosphite have also been reported. Moreover, modern plant biotechnology techniques can help to accelerate the selection of resistant rootstocks in breeding programs, as controlled crossings for the generation of hybrids, somatic hybridisation, transgenic citrus plants, mapped genomic regions of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs), candidate genes, metabolic markers and comparative transcriptomic. These innovative techniques represent a suitable tool to breed new Phytophthora resistant rootstocks, which is widely recognised as the best strategy to face gummosis or foot rot, fibrous root rot and ultimately minimise the expensive use of pesticides in crop protection.