The objective of this work was to characterize 203 lineages and five parents of Ricinus communis L. from the germplasm bank at the Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia (UFRB), which was established by the Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Program (NBIO) at the Center for Agrarian, Environmental and Biological Sciences. The study used 35 morpho-agronomic descriptors, proposed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply, and 12 quantitative descriptors suggested by NBIO. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, composed of four blocks, in the experimental field at UFRB in 2014. The frequency and entropy level of the qualitative descriptors were estimated with the Renyi procedure, and an analysis of variance was used for the quantitative descriptors. The analyses were made with the statistical program R. Of the qualitative morpho-agronomic descriptors evaluated, 22.86% had a high level of entropy (above 1.0), and all 12 quantitative descriptors showed significant differences. This indicates genetic variability in the germplasm bank and a satisfactory performance for most of the descriptors evaluated, as well as the possibility of direct and indirect use of the lineages and parents in genetic improvement programs of the species.

As castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) reveals immense adaptability to various ecological conditions and due to its socioeconomic significance, new studies have emerged primarily to develop more productive cultivars to suit different regions in Brazil. This study aimed to confirmthe correlations and direct and indirect effects of the morphoagronomic descriptors on castor bean productivity, employing correlation studies and track analysis. Between 2014 and 2015, experiments utilizing the randomized block design were performed, with four replications, which included 208 treatments involving pedigree and parental lines of castor bean, drawn from the germplasm bank of the Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia. Variables in the correlation analysis included primary racemic insertion, stem diameter, number of stem internodes, plant flowering, plant height, racemic length, number of fruits per raceme, fruit weight per raceme, seed yield per fruit and productivity. Correlations among the variables analyzed were imposed, via track analysis, on the direct and indirect influences of the morphoagronomic descriptors on productivity. The most direct and positively influential descriptors included fruit weight per raceme and number of seeds per raceme; the most direct albeit negatively influential descriptors are the number of internodes on the stem and flowering. Therefore, lines with less number of internodes and requiring fewer days to bloom are more highly productive. These descriptors can thus effectively identify the productive lines.

ABSTRACT. This study sought to evaluate the genetic divergence among castor lines and parental strains in the germplasm bank at the Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia (Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia) using morpho-agronomic descriptors. This experiment was conducted from 2014 to 2015 with 208 treatments represented by bank accessions that were analyzed using a randomized block design, which established homogeneity of the experimental conditions with all treatments repeated in four blocks. The genetic divergence analysis was performed using Ward's method and Tocher's method based on Gower's distance, which are two clustering methods used in studies with castor beans, with the help of the statistical programs R and GENES. The results revealed the formation of 21 groups for 13 morphoagronomic descriptors, six qualitative and seven quantitative, indicating the presence of variability in the bank. The groups containing promising accessions for the characteristics of agronomic interest, including precociousness, fruit dehiscence, and plant height and yield were 2, 7, 8, 10, 14, 15, 16, and 17, which suggested potential hybrid crosses. The descriptors with the greatest contribution to variance were yield, plant height, the number of seeds per raceme, flowering and seed weight per raceme.Keywords: Ricinus communis L., multivariate, variability.Divergência genética entre linhagens e parentais de mamoneira pelo método Ward, baseada em descritores morfoagronômicos RESUMO. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a divergência genética entre linhagens e parentais de mamoneira do Banco de germoplasma da Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, por meio de descritores morfoagronômicos. O experimento foi conduzido no período de 2014 a 2015, com 208 tratamentos representados pelos acessos do Banco, avaliados no delineamento em blocos casualizados, estabelecendo a homogeneidade das condições experimentais com todos os tratamentos igualmente repetidos em quatro blocos. A análise de divergência genética foi realizada pelo método Ward e pelo o método de Tocher por meio da distância de Gower, sendo esses métodos de agrupamento utilizados em estudos com mamoneira, com o auxílio dos programas estatísticos R e GENES. Os resultados revelam a formação de 21 grupos para 13 descritores morfoagronômicos, sendo seis qualitativos e sete quantitativos, indicando a presença de variabilidade no Banco. Os grupos que apresentam acessos promissores para as características de interesse agronômico como precocidade, deiscência dos frutos, estatura e produtividade, são 2, 7, 8, 10, 14, 15, 16 e 17, sugerindo possíveis cruzamentos entre estes. Os descritores que mais contribuem para a divergência são produtividade, estatura da planta, número de sementes por racemo, florescimento e peso de sementes por racemo.Palavras-chave: Ricinus communis L., multivariada, variabilidade.

No abstract

Phytophthora spp. are the causal agents of gummosis or foot rot, fibrous root rot, and fruit brown rot diseases that affect the roots, trunk, and fruits of citrus trees, causing severe economic losses. This work presents an updated systematic review addressing the defence responses in citrus against Phytophthora and the strategies to manage Phytophthora diseases. Applying a new method of search based on an explicit, rigorous, and transparent methodology. For this purpose, a systematic literature review was conducted using the databases available for academic research. The main plant defence mechanisms reported in the cited papers are the hypersensitivity response, cell wall reinforcement, production of pathogenesis-related proteins, and expression of defence-related genes. Moreover, the main strategies to manage Phytophthora root rot are organic compounds in the soil and biological control with fungi and bacteria. In addition, inhibition of Phytophthora gummosis or canker by applying new oomycota fungicides and reducing the incidence of brown fruit rot through the application of potassium phosphite have also been reported. Moreover, modern plant biotechnology techniques can help to accelerate the selection of resistant rootstocks in breeding programs, as controlled crossings for the generation of hybrids, somatic hybridisation, transgenic citrus plants, mapped genomic regions of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs), candidate genes, metabolic markers and comparative transcriptomic. These innovative techniques represent a suitable tool to breed new Phytophthora resistant rootstocks, which is widely recognised as the best strategy to face gummosis or foot rot, fibrous root rot and ultimately minimise the expensive use of pesticides in crop protection.

No abstract

Phytophthora spp. are the causal agents of gummosis or foot rot, fibrous root rot, and fruit brown rot diseases that affect the roots, trunk, and fruits of citrus trees, causing severe economic losses. This work presents an updated systematic review addressing the defence responses in citrus against Phytophthora and the strategies to manage Phytophthora diseases. Applying a new method of search based on an explicit, rigorous, and transparent methodology. For this purpose, a systematic literature review was conducted using the databases available for academic research. The main plant defence mechanisms reported in the cited papers are the hypersensitivity response, cell wall reinforcement, production of pathogenesis-related proteins, and expression of defence-related genes. Moreover, the main strategies to manage Phytophthora root rot are organic compounds in the soil and biological control with fungi and bacteria. In addition, inhibition of Phytophthora gummosis or canker by applying new oomycota fungicides and reducing the incidence of brown fruit rot through the application of potassium phosphite have also been reported. Moreover, modern plant biotechnology techniques can help to accelerate the selection of resistant rootstocks in breeding programs, as controlled crossings for the generation of hybrids, somatic hybridisation, transgenic citrus plants, mapped genomic regions of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs), candidate genes, metabolic markers and comparative transcriptomic. These innovative techniques represent a suitable tool to breed new Phytophthora resistant rootstocks, which is widely recognised as the best strategy to face gummosis or foot rot, fibrous root rot and ultimately minimise the expensive use of pesticides in crop protection.

O presente artigo analisa como a literatura de cordel pode ser tratada no 2º Ano do Ensino Fundamental, já que se trata de textos que podem ser explorados quanto a sua estrutura. Dessa forma, a leitura tanto de mundo quanto da palavra é importante para conduzir o leitor a diversas compreensões sobre texto e sobre a sociedade, facilitando o processo de produção textual dos mesmos. Assim, o trabalho com a leitura deve ser de forma constante, para despertar o hábito nos educandos. Fundamentado nos cordéis de literatura infantil, buscou-se apresentar obras de diferentes autores para servir de referência para o leitor criar a sua realização literária. Além disso, foi abordada a estrutura do texto, identificação de rimas e análise estrutural de palavras. Os resultados comprovam que a literatura de cordel contribui para a formação de leitores e escritores, principalmente por meio das atividades desenvolvidas em sala de aula, como a leitura e produção de cordel, e a arte da xilogravura.